Clinical epidemiology of gallbladder cancer in North-Central India and association of immunological markers, NLR, MLR and PLR in the diagnostic/prognostic prediction of GBC.

Introduction: The incidence of Gallbladder Cancer (GBC) is found to be increasing in the rural populations of north-central India. Role of multiple demographic factors, including poor socio-economic conditions, illiteracy and miserable primary healthcare services appear to be significant factors for this increase. Here, we aim to assess the present status of GBC in north-central India and evaluate the role of immunological markers in its management.

Integrated genomic analysis reveals mutated ELF3 as a potential gallbladder cancer vaccine candidate.

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive gastrointestinal malignancy with no approved targeted therapy. Here, we analyze exomes (n = 160), transcriptomes (n = 115), and low pass whole genomes (n = 146) from 167 gallbladder cancers (GBCs) from patients in Korea, India and Chile. In addition, we also sequence samples from 39 GBC high-risk patients and detect evidence of early cancer-related genomic lesions.

Antibacterial and catalytic activity of biogenic gold nanoparticles synthesised by .

This study reveals the antibacterial and catalytic activity of biogenic gold nanoparicles (AuNPs) synthesised by biomass of . The antibacterial activity of AuNPs was analysed by the means of growth curve, well diffusion and colony forming unit (CFU) count methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration of AuNPs was 20 µg/ml.

Telomere length variation and expression analysis of shelterin complex genes during gallbladder carcinogenesis.

Background: Telomeres, which are bound with shelterin protein complex, play an important role in maintaining genomic stability and its dysfunction may lead to carcinogenesis. Here, we aimed to analyze whether shelterin complex gene expression and telomere length variation, play any role in gallbladder carcinogenesis.

Methods: Telomere length analysis was carried out by monochrome multiplex qPCR, whereas expression analysis of shelterin genes was carried out using RT-qPCR.

Epigenetic Downregulation of PTEN in Gallbladder Cancer.

Purpose: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is becoming a global health problem. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), also known as guardian gene of cancer, encodes a protein, which dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) triphosphate {PtdIns (3,4,5) P3 } into phosphatidylinositol (4,5) diphosphate {PtdIns (4,5) P2} that results in the inhibition of AKT/PKB signaling pathway. PTEN plays a key role in the pathogenesis of various cancers.

Epigenetic regulation of in the molecular pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer.

Background & Objectives: Loss of function of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) has been reported in cancer. The two promoters of APC, 1A and 1B also have roles in cancer. But, the epigenetic role of APC promoters is not yet clear in gallbladder cancer (GBC) and gallstone diseases (GSD).

Global methylation profiling to identify epigenetic signature of gallbladder cancer and gallstone disease.

Promoter methylation in various tumor suppressor genes is reported to influence gallbladder carcinogenesis. Here, we aimed to identify methylation status in gallbladder cancer (GBC) by performing a comprehensive genome-wide DNA methylation profiling. The methylation status of 485,577 CpG sites were investigated using Illumina's Infinium Human Methylation 450 BeadChip array in 24 tissues (eight each of tumor, adjacent non-tumor, and gallstone).

Gallbladder cancer incidence in Gwalior district of India: Five-year trend based on the registry of a regional cancer center.

Background: We have reported here the 5-year incidence (2004-2008) of gallbladder cancer (GBC) in North Central India along with its descriptive epidemiology. This provides potential clues for better prevention. The present study has also evaluated the association of ABO blood groups with GBC.

Dysfunction of subtelomeric methylation and telomere length in gallstone disease and gallbladder cancer patients of North Central India.

Background: Telomeres play an important role in cancer progression. Recently it has been shown that subtelomeric methylation negatively regulates telomere length in various diseases, including cancers. Here, we evaluated the influence of subtelomeric methylation in telomere dysfunction in gallbladder cancer (GBC), and whether this dysfunction is affected by the presence of gallstones.

Epigenetic profiling of gallbladder cancer and gall stone diseases: Evaluation of role of tumour associated genes.

Background: As on today, the global mortality rate of gallbladder cancer is still very high. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations play pivotal roles in the development of cancer. We selected seven tumour associated genes, implicated in other cancers, to assess their methylation status in gallbladder cancer and gallstone diseases.

Fungal biomolecules assisted biosynthesis of Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles and evaluation of their catalytic property.

The catalytic reduction of methylene blue was studied using biosynthesised gold-silver (Au-Ag) alloy nanoparticles (NPs). The fungal biomass of Trichoderma harzianum was used as a reducing and stabilising agent in the synthesis of Au-Ag alloy NPs. The synthesised NPs were well characterised by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

ZnO nanoflowers: novel biogenic synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic activity.

We demonstrate a novel, unprecedented and eco-friendly mode for the biosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflowers at ambient room temperature using Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 9555 and assessed their photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was analyzed under UV-irradiation. An enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoflowers was obtained compared to the earlier reports on ZnO nanostructures and other photocatalytic materials.

Identification of prosaposin and transgelin as potential biomarkers for gallbladder cancer using quantitative proteomics.

Gallbladder cancer is an uncommon but lethal malignancy with particularly high incidence in Chile, India, Japan and China. There is a paucity of unbiased large-scale studies investigating molecular basis of gallbladder cancer. To systematically identify differentially regulated proteins in gallbladder cancer, iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics of gallbladder cancer was carried out using Fourier transform high resolution mass spectrometry.

Biogenic gold nanoparticles: As a potential candidate for brain tumor directed drug delivery.

Gold nanoparticles have tremendous application in the area of nanotechnology that raises new possibility in the treatment of brain tumor. These nanoparticles can be used for selectively gaining access to tumor due to their small size and modifiability. Gold nanoparticles are functionalized with various molecules such as anticancer drug, transferrin and monoclonal antibody to produce nanocarriers.

The liver function test enzymes and glucose level are positively correlated in gallbladder cancer: a cancer registry data analysis from north central India.

Aim Of Study: To investigate the trend of expression of liver function test enzymes and other biochemical changes during gallbladder carcinogenesis.

Materials And Methods: Eight hundred and seventy-eight gallbladder disease patients were selected to study the liver function test enzymes and routine blood biochemical changes in the last five years (2004-08). Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad prism 5.

Quantitative Assessment of Expression of Lactate Dehydrogenase and its Isoforms 3 and 4 may Serve as Useful Indicators of Progression of Gallbladder Cancer: A Pilot Study.

We have studied the expression of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoforms in gall bladder cancer, cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis. Quantitative and qualitative assays of lactate dehydrogenase and its various isoforms were carried out in the blood sera of patients and healthy controls along with parallel estimation of various liver function test enzymes. Statistical analysis was done using the software Graph Pad Prism.

Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human bile.

Bile serves diverse functions from metabolism to transport. In addition to acids and salts, bile is composed of proteins secreted or shed by the hepatobiliary system. Although there have been previous efforts to catalog biliary proteins, an in-depth analysis of the bile proteome has not yet been reported.

Cellular and biophysical evidence for interactions between adenosine triphosphate and P-glycoprotein substrates: functional implications for adenosine triphosphate/drug cotransport in P-glycoprotein overexpressing tumor cells and in P-glycoprotein low-level expressing erythrocytes.

P-glycoprotein is involved with the removal of drugs, most of them cations, from the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Pgp is also associated with movement of ATP, an anion, from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space. The central question of this study is whether drug and ATP transport associated with the expression of Pgp are in any way coupled.

Effects of halothane and hydrostatic pressure on sodium channels in squid axon.

The effects of halothane and hydrostatic compression have been studied on the voltage-dependent sodium conductances in the squid giant axon. Compression to 150 atmospheres reduced the time course of both the activation and inactivation phases of the sodium current, reduced the amplitude of the peak inward current, and shifted the sodium reversal potential in a slightly hyperpolarizing direction. Halothane also depressed the sodium current amplitude and shifted the reversal potential but did not alter the membrane kinetics.

Hydrostatic pressure reduces synaptic efficiency by inhibiting transmitter release.

The amplitude of post-synaptic potentials at an identified synapse in the Aplysia central nervous system can be modulated by the application of hydrostatic pressure. Postsynaptically controlled functions, including responses to acetylcholine and the time course of decay of the synaptic responses, remain unaffected by compression. In contrast, frequency facilitation and posttetanic potentiation, which result from presynaptic processes, are altered by pressure in a manner similar to that of agents that block transmitter release.

A versatile high-pressure chamber for electrophysiological measurements.

A modular high-pressure chamber is described. This chamber will allow stable microelectrode recordings to be made for a variety of intracellular preparations at pressure of 200-300 atmospheres absolute. Its features include internal temperature control, easy visibility, continuous perfusion, electrical penetrations, and manipulation of several internal controls while the system is at pressure.