Advances in Implant Surface Technology: A Biological Perspective.

The present review provides comprehensive information about recent developments in surface modification techniques directed to enhance osseointegration. Through an in-depth analysis of key molecular pathways and regulatory factors involved in bone biology, including sclerostin, Wnt signaling, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), the review explores how these advancements contribute to promoting osteogenesis, bone healing, and implant stability. By synthesizing findings from preclinical and clinical studies, the manuscript elucidates the potential of surface modification technologies to address challenges in implant dentistry, offering valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals striving to optimize implant success rates and patient outcomes.