Prevalence of genitourinary infection in diabetic patients treated with SGLT 2 inhibitors.

Introduction: Genitourinary infections are common in Diabetes patients compared to the general population more so in patients with Sodium glucose co transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) treatment , So, we did a study to find the prevalence of genitourinary infection in T2DM patients treated with SGLT2i.

Methods: One hundred and twenty patients receiving SGLT2i, who had signs and symptoms indicative of genitourinary infections were enrolled into the study.

Results: The mean age of presentation was 54.

Clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters in patients with pubertal gynecomastia.

Objective: Gynecomastia is benign enlargement of breast in male. It is postulated that its development is primarily due to a mismatch in ratio of oestrogen and androgen at breast tissue. The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters at the time of consultation.

Genetic spectrum and predictors of mutations in four known genes in Asian Indian patients with growth hormone deficiency and orthotopic posterior pituitary: an emphasis on regional genetic diversity.

Context: Regional variation in prevalence of genetic mutations in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is known.

Aim: Study phenotype and prevalence of mutations in GH1, GHRHR, POU1F1, PROP1 genes in GHD cohort.

Methods: One hundred and two patients {Isolated GHD (IGHD): 79; combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD): 23} with orthotopic posterior pituitary were included.

Cushing disease with pregnancy.

Pregnancy occurs rarely in patients with Cushing syndrome (CS) due to hypercortisolism. So far, about 150 cases of CS in pregnancy have been reported in the literature. We describe a 22-year-old female who presented in pregnancy with clinical features of CS.

Ectopic posterior pituitary and stalk abnormality predicts severity and coexisting hormone deficiencies in patients with congenital growth hormone deficiency.

Certain pituitary imaging abnormalities are a specific indicator of hypopituitarism. The objective of this study is to compare phenotypical features with radiological findings in patients with congenital growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 103 patients [72 with Isolated GHD (IGHD) and 31 with Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (CPHD)].

Cushing disease in children and adolescents: twenty years' experience in a tertiary care center in India.

Objective: To analyze the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment modalities, and follow-up of pediatric patients with Cushing disease.

Methods: In this retrospective analysis, we reviewed records of children (younger than 20 years) with Cushing disease who had undergone transsphenoidal adenomectomy in a tertiary health care center in India during the period of 1988 to 2008. Endogenous hypercortisolism was identified by a serum cortisol value ≥1.

Clinical profile of insulinoma: analysis from a tertiary care referral center in India.

Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, localization techniques, surgical procedures and outcome in patients with insulinoma.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of case records of patients diagnosed with insulinoma between January 1993 and June 2009 at a tertiary-care hospital was done. Seventeen patients underwent diagnostic 72-h fast.

Phenotype and radiological correlation in patients with growth hormone deficiency.

Objective: To confirm that MRI findings like hypoplastic anterior pituitary, thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, and ectopic posterior pituitary (EPP) in patients with growth hormone deficiency are a good indicator of the severity of hypopituitarism.

Methods: MR images were obtained for 44 patients (IGHD: CPHD; 30:14) and analyzed to define one or more of the following triad of abnormalities: small/absent anterior pituitary, thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, and EPP, as well as for any other associated anomalies. The findings were correlated with the clinical and biochemical presentation.

Bone age and factors affecting skeletal maturation at diagnosis of paediatric Cushing's disease.

Paediatric Cushing's disease (CD) is usually associated with growth retardation, but there are only few published data on skeletal maturation at diagnosis. We analysed factors contributing to skeletal maturation and final height in Asian Indian patients with paediatric CD. We conducted retrospective analysis of 48 patients (29 males; 19 females) with mean age: 14.

Efficacy of cabergoline in uncured (persistent or recurrent) Cushing disease after pituitary surgical treatment with or without radiotherapy.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of cabergoline therapy in patients with Cushing disease who remained uncured (had persistent or recurrent disease) after a pituitary surgical procedure with or without radiotherapy.

Methods: We undertook a prospective, open-label, single-arm study, with short-term (5 months) and longterm (1 year) evaluations. In 20 patients with uncured Cushing disease, treatment was initiated with cabergoline at a dosage of 1 mg/wk, with a monthly increment of 1 mg, until midnight serum cortisol (MNSC) or low-dose dexamethasone suppression serum cortisol (LDSC) (or both) normalized or a maximal dosage of 5 mg/wk was reached.

A case of neonatal diabetes.

A one month old baby was admitted for diabetic keto-acidosis. There was no neurological or dysmorphic features. On genetic analysis a heterozygous missense mutation of ABCC8 gene which codes for SUR1 was detected.

Radiotherapy in paediatric Cushing's disease: efficacy and long term follow up of pituitary function.

Pituitary radiotherapy (RT) is an effective second-line treatment for paediatric Cushing's disease (CD). We report long-term efficacy and anterior pituitary function in a cohort of paediatric CD patients treated with RT. Between 1988 and 2008, from our cohort of 48 paediatric CD patients, eight paediatric CD patients (5 males and 3 females) underwent second-line pituitary RT (45 Gy in 25 fractions), following unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery.

Treatment of hypogonadism with testosterone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To investigate the effect of testosterone treatment on insulin resistance, glycemic control, and dyslipidemia in Asian Indian men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypogonadism.

Methods: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 22 men, 25 to 50 years old, with T2DM and hypogonadism. Patients were treated with intramuscularly administered testosterone (200 mg every 15 days) or placebo for 3 months in random order, followed by a washout period of 1 month before the alternative treatment phase.

Prepubertal gynecomastia a rare complication of growth hormone therapy.

We report a case of prepubertal gynecomastia diagnosed during growth hormone (GH) treatment. In our patient gynecomastia appeared 6 months after GH was started. This condition appears to be self-limited and benign.

Primary hyperparathyroidism in children and adolescents.

Objective: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in children and adolescents is a rare condition. Awareness should improve in order to lower threshold for screening and allow intervention before serious and permanent sequelac occur.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 15 children and adolescents with PHPT (age <20 yr) seen in our clinic between 1993 and 2006.

Pheochromocytoma in children and adolescents.

Eleven subjects aged <20 yr with histologically proven pheochromocytoma between 1987 and 2006 were analyzed. Family history was present in 18%. In 2 patients, pheochromocytoma was part of VHL and in one it was associated with MEN 2.

Clinical profile of adrenoleukodysrophy.

X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is the most common of the peroxisomal disorder and is associated with functional defect of the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) oxidation leading to the accumulation of VLCFA in the white matter and adrenal cortex. Retrospective evaluation of medical records of ALD patients were carried out. In all the 5 patients the duration of the symptoms varied from 1-7 years.

A rare case of central precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma diagnosed in utero.

Objective: To report a rare case of central precocious puberty attributable to hypothalamic hamartoma that was diagnosed in utero.

Methods: We present the clinical, laboratory, and imaging data pertaining to our case and discuss the diagnostic features and recommended treatment of central precocious puberty in patients with hypothalamic hamartoma.

Results: A 3-month-old male child had had excessively rapid growth velocity and weight gain since birth.

Giant prolactinoma and effectiveness of medical management.

Objective: To review our experience with long-term cabergoline and bromocriptine therapy in the treatment of giant prolactinomas.

Methods: Patients with giant prolactinomas diagnosed and treated at our center in Mumbai, India, between January 2005 and January 2009 were included. Diagnostic criteria for giant prolactinoma included tumor diameter greater than 40 mm, serum prolactin concentration higher than 1000 ng/mL, and invasive tumor growth pattern with mass effects.

Bone mineral density and disorders of mineral metabolism in chronic liver disease.

Aim: To estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors for metabolic bone disease in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods: The study was performed on 72 Indian patients with cirrhosis (63 male, nine female; aged < 50 years). Etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholism (n = 37), hepatitis B (n = 25) and hepatitis C (n = 10).

Clinical profile of ectopic thyroid in Asian Indians: a single-center experience.

Objective: To assess clinical characteristics of patients with ectopic thyroid seen at a single tertiary care center in India.

Methods: In this case series, we retrospectively reviewed the data of patients who presented with ectopic thyroid between January 1995 and March 2008. Clinical presentation, nuclear imaging findings, endocrine profile, and clinical management were analyzed.

Utility of single luteinizing hormone determination 3 h after depot leuprolide in monitoring therapy of gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty.

To determine utility of luteinizing hormone (LH) estimation, post intramuscular (IM) depot leuprolide in comparison with subcutaneous leuprolide stimulation test. Test for monitoring therapy in patients with gonadotropin dependent precocious puberty (GDPP). In seven patients of GDPP, who were treated with 11.

Precocious puberty due to rathke cleft cyst in a child.

Objective: To report a case of a child with precocious puberty attributable to Rathke cleft cyst (RCC).

Methods: The clinical features, laboratory results, and findings on ultrasonography of the pelvis and magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland are presented.

Results: A 16-month-old child had breast enlargement, height increase, and an increase in growth velocity.

Clinical profile and long term follow up of children and adolescents with prolactinomas.

We report clinical presentation, response to medical treatment, and long-term follow-up of 39 children and adolescents with prolactinoma (F:M; 30:9) (30 macro and 9 microadenoma) diagnosed at the age of 9-20 years. Mean duration of follow up was 56 months. All patients were treated with bromocriptine (BC) at doses ranging from 2.