Effect of the Acoustic Impedance Mismatch at the Bone-Soft Tissue Interface as a Function of Frequency in Transcranial Ultrasound: A Simulation and In Vitro Experimental Study.

The transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound is a method that uses a handheld low-frequency (2-2.5 MHz), pulsed Doppler phased array probe to measure blood velocity within the arteries located inside the brain. The problem with TCD lies in the low ultrasonic energy penetrating inside the brain through the skull, which leads to a low signal-to-noise ratio.