Use of radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic nuclear medicine in the United States: 1960-2010.

To reconstruct reliable nuclear medicine-related occupational radiation doses or doses received as patients from radiopharmaceuticals over the last five decades, the authors assessed which radiopharmaceuticals were used in different time periods, their relative frequency of use, and typical values of the administered activity. This paper presents data on the changing patterns of clinical use of radiopharmaceuticals and documents the range of activity administered to adult patients undergoing diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures in the U.S.

Applications of BMI or BSI: Differences and Revisions According to Age and Height.

Validation of body-mass relationships requires a careful statistical analysis of data of normal weight individuals. BMI (ratio between body mass and square of body height) and BSI values (ratio between mass and cube of body height) have been calculated for 99 persons with ages between 1 day and 76 years. These BMI or BSI values have been used for least squares fits yielding mean BMI or BSI values, their variances (providing precision), and average deviations of individual BMI/BSI values from the BMI/BSI means.

Use of isotopes in the diagnosis of hematopoietic disorders.

Isotopes of iron have been paramount in clinical tracer studies of hematopoiesis. Kinetics of disappearance from plasma, appearance in circulating erythrocytes, and localization in general areas of bone marrow, spleen, and liver were early revealed by gamma-/beta-emitting Fe-59 with note of characteristic differences of kind and degree of dysfunction among various anemias. Findings have helped in management (e.

Lipid metabolism in the liver studied in vivo with two isomers of labeled fatty acid analogs.

Unlabelled: The two radioiodinated fatty acid analogs 15-(para-131 I-phenylpentadecanoic acid (pPPA) and 15-(ortho-131I-phenyl)-pentadecanoic acid (oPPA) are isomers with individually different routes in lipid metabolism but with near equal transport kinetics into tissue.

Methods: Normal adult male Wistar rats (n = 79) and those with liver cell damage from adriamycin treatment (n = 84) received 1.48- 1.

Radiation exposure from long-lived beta emitters in clinical investigation.

Potential hazards restrict the use of 14C in clinical investigation. Nevertheless, 14C, in readily metabolized compounds, continues to be administered and in relatively large doses. The compounds are converted to intermediates and products with longer half-lives than their half-lives.

Orbital pseudotumor imaged with Ga-67 citrate.

An orbital pseudotumor causing proptosis, diplopia, and gaze palsy was imaged with Ga-67 citrate and showed persistent intense activity for five days. This may be the first case of gallium uptake into an orbital pseudotumor to be reported in the literature. This case report demonstrates the use of Ga-67 citrate imaging in the early diagnostic workup of this disorder.

Impaired oxidation of carbon-labeled galactose by alcoholic or diabetic liver in vivo.

Because of the organ and enzyme specificity of the metabolism of galactose, evaluation of various kinds of liver disease can be done by measuring the formation of labeled breath CO2 from carbon-labeled galactose in vivo. As shown earlier with uniformly 14C- or 13C-labeled galactose, a further study of alcoholic cirrhotic patients and controls with cheaper 1-14C-galactose indicates a superior discriminatory value of this test compared with common liver function tests. The oxidation test is easier to perform and more acceptable to patients than the standard galactose tolerance blood test.

Phantom gallbladder. A variant of the rim sign.

Nonvisualization of the gallbladder is the primary finding in cholescintigraphy for acute cholecystitis. Recent investigators have described a useful secondary finding of increased pericholecystic hepatic activity (PCHA). A case of acute cholecystitis is presented in which the PCHA was round in configuration and appeared in the first 5 minutes of the study.

17-Iodine-123 iodoheptadecanoic acid for metabolic liver studies in humans.

(17-123I)-Iodoheptadecanoic acid ([123I]HA) was used for dynamic planar scintigraphy of the liver in normal individuals (control I), in patients without liver disease but with elevated serum cholesterol and/or triglycerides (control II), and in patient groups with alcohol-induced fatty liver (PG I), fatty liver not due to alcohol (PG II), alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis (PG III), or liver cirrhosis of the posthepatitic type (PG IV). Tracer uptake and elimination time were assayed in different liver regions; mean elimination time was expressed for total liver. In control I, tracer uptake was homogeneous, and mean elimination time was 20.

15-(ortho-123I-phenyl)-pentadecanoic acid, a new myocardial imaging agent for clinical use.

The result of previous experiments in rodents indicated different kinetics for the para- and ortho-isomers of 15-(iodophenyl)-pentadecanoic acid (p-IPPA, o-IPPA), with o-IPPA showing an enhanced rate of washout. To test the relevance of this phenomenon for clinical diagnosis, 15 fasting male patients with confirmed coronary heart disease (1-VD/7, 2-VD/4, 3-VD/4) were investigated under exercise. Serial images were recorded at a rate of 3 frames min-1 for 70 to 90 min, corrected for tracer in blood and compared with thallium-201 images obtained from these patients within less than 2 weeks.

Myocardial fatty acid metabolism after acute ethanol consumption.

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of ethanol ingestion on myocardial fatty acid metabolism in man. Nine individuals with informed consent and with a habitual ethanol consumption of approximately 40 g per day, but without any clinical signs of heart and metabolic disease, were examined after i.v.

Kinetics of different 123I- and 14C-labelled fatty acids in normal and diabetic rat myocardium in vivo.

Terminally radioiodinated long-chain fatty acids (FA) or phenyl-FA have shown promise for external myocardial imaging and detection of metabolic disorders with changes like those seen with radiocarbon-labelled natural FA. Yet, questions remain about the correlation of these changes to the biochemical forms of radioiodine within the cell. We have measured the distribution of label from 123I-heptadecanoic acid (HA), 123I-para-phenyl- and ortho-phenylpentadecanoic acid (pPPA and oPPA), 1-14C-stearic acid (SA) and 1-14C-palmitic acid (PA) into complex lipids (CL) (i.

Uptake of Ga-67 in the cardiac region in hypersensitivity angiitis.

Although Ga-67 can be used to recognize various inflammations of the heart and pericardium, it is seldom used to evaluate the inflammatory process of a myocardial infarction because of lack of specificity, lack of early uptake, and other factors. However, inadvertent recognition on routine Ga-67 scans is always a possibility and has been reported once before. Here described is another case of silent, multiple myocardial infarction seen by Ga-67 scan as a consequence of multiple organ involvement with hypersensitivity angiitis.

Test for alcoholic cirrhosis by conversion of [14C]- or [13C]galactose to expired CO2.

After ingestion of galactose (10 g per m2) labeled with 14C or 13C, breath was collected from subjects at intervals for 4 hr followed by measurement of 14CO2 by liquid scintillation counting or of 13CO2 by mass spectrometry. Nine subjects without liver disease and 21 "cirrhotic" patients were tested with 14C; 8 control subjects and 4 patients with diagnosis of cirrhosis were tested with 13C. The mean rates of expiration of labeled CO2 by the patients with "cirrhosis" were one-third to one-half of mean normal rates during the first 90 min.

Pituitary-testicular axis in patients on lithium therapy.

Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels were studied in 10 patients undergoing lithium therapy. Testosterone levels were below the normal range in 7 of the 10 patients. FSH levels were high in two patients and LH levels were high in one.

Radiorespirometric study of carbohydrate metabolism in childhood liver disease.

The need for a suitable parameter to evaluate patients with chronic liver disease has been felt for some time, especially in order to judge the response to surgical shunts and the influence of certain drugs and diets on the liver. Since the liver is a major organ for carbohydrate metabolism, it was decided to analyze the in vivo oxidation of such substrates as glucose and galactose labeled with 14C. Moderately advanced "Indian childhood cirrhosis" and idiopathic fatty hepatic infiltration were selected to represent diffuse chronic liver disease.

Human plasma triglyceride labeling after high sucrose feeding. II. Study on triglyceride kinetics and postheparin lipolytic activity.

Kinetic studies of the very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) turnover by endogenous labeling with glycerol-2-3-H were performed in 13 patients in the postabsorptive state, first after 10-14 days on a low-sucrose high-starch diet, then again after 10-14 days of isocaloric high-sucrose low-starch diet (HSD). After HSD, a significant decrease in the fractional turnover rates of VLDL-TG was observed, as well as a modest but significant increase in its pool size, but the net turnover rates remained unchanged. Using Michaelis-Menten formulation, we have further calculated the Vmax and Km's of the removal system for VLDL-TG and found that the Vmax and Km's do not differ significantly between the two dietary periods.