Efficacy and safety of Tramadol as an analgesic in women undergoing vaginoscopic hysteroscopy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Pain or discomfort during the hysteroscopy remains a challenge even after the introduction of small calibre instruments and vaginoscopic techniques. Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic, is one among the medications used to reduce pain; however, the experience with its use in the vaginoscopic technique is limited. This was a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted to study the effectiveness of oral Tramadol as an analgesic in 100 women undergoing diagnostic vaginoscopic hysteroscopy.

Large fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix: Antenatal sonographic diagnosis and follow-up.

Fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix is an uncommon antenatal finding defined as focal dilatation of umbilical vein >9 mm or more than two standard deviations above the mean for the gestational age. We report the case of a 28-year-old gravida 2 diabetic lady, who presented at 35 weeks of gestation, whose antenatal ultrasonography showed a cystic lesion of size 4 × 3.8 cm showing turbulent venous flow in the fetal abdomen in continuity with the umbilical vein, diagnosed as umbilical vein varix without any other anomaly.

Prenatal diagnosis of fetal right and left congenital ventricular aneurysms.

Aim: To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of fetal ventricular aneurysm.

Methods: Ultrasound characteristics of two cases of prenatally diagnosed fetal ventricular aneurysm were reviewed.

Results: There was one case of left ventricular aneurysm diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound at 38 weeks of gestation.