Kinematic and EMG data during underwater dolphin kick change while synchronizing with or without synchronization of kick frequency with the beat of a metronome.

We investigated the effects of synchronizing kick frequency with the beat of a metronome on kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) parameters during the underwater dolphin kick as a pilot study related to the research that entitled " (Yamakawa et al., 2017) [1]. Seven collegiate female swimmers participated in this experiment.

Effect of increased kick frequency on propelling efficiency and muscular co-activation during underwater dolphin kick.

In this study, we investigated the effects of increased kick frequency on the propelling efficiency and the muscular co-activation during underwater dolphin kick. Participants included eight female collegiate swimmers. The participants performed seven 15-m underwater dolphin kick swimming trials at different kick frequencies, which is 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, and 115% of their maximum effort.

Maximal workload but not peak oxygen uptake is decreased during immersed incremental exercise at cooler temperatures.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of water temperature on cardiorespiratory responses and exercise performance during immersed incremental cycle exercise until exhaustion.

Methods: Ten healthy young men performed incremental cycle exercise on a water cycle ergometer at water temperatures (T w) of 18, 26 and 34 °C. Workload was initially set at 60 W and was increased by 20 W every 2 min for the first four levels and then by 10 W every minute until the subject could no longer continue.

Contribution of hand and foot force to take-off velocity for the kick-start in competitive swimming.

This study examines the hand and foot reaction force recorded independently while performing the kick-start technique. Eleven male competitive swimmers performed three trials for the kick-start with maximum effort. Three force platforms (main block, backplate and handgrip) were used to measure reaction forces during starting motion.

Effect of imposing changes in kick frequency on kinematics during undulatory underwater swimming at maximal effort in male swimmers.

Undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) is an important swimming technique after a start and after turns. It was considered that a higher swimming velocity (U) resulted from a higher kick frequency (f), and greater propelling efficiency, i.e.

Kinematic analysis of the backstroke start: differences between backstroke specialists and non-specialists.

The purpose of this study was to clarify factors to perform the hole-entry technique in the backstroke start. A total of 16 well-trained Japanese competitive swimmers were divided into two groups (backstroke specialists and non-specialists) to compare their backstroke start motions. Their backstroke motions were videotaped, and two-dimensional co-ordinates for the swimmers were obtained from the video images using direct linear transformation methods.

Effect of inclination and position of new swimming starting block's back plate on track-start performance.

This study investigated the effects of both anterior-posterior position and inclination of a back plate positioned on a starting platform on swimming start performance. Ten male college swimmers performed eight starts with varying combinations of take-off angle (normal and lower), inclination angle (10 degrees, 25 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees) and position (0.29, 0.

Do differences in initial speed persist to the stroke phase in front-crawl swimming?

The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which differences in initial speed persist to the stroke phase in front-crawl swimming. Ten male college swimmers performed trials for three types of start that produced different initial speeds: maximal-effort dive, submaximal-effort dive, and maximal-effort wall push. The submaximal effort was determined by the swimmer himself.