Effects of different ammonia energy ratio on soot formation and oxidation in an ammonia diesel dual-fuel engine.

Due to environmental pollution and energy crises, zero‑carbon fuel ammonia (NH) has attracted extensive attention as an alternative fuel for engines. In this paper, the effects of ammonia energy ratio (AER) and injection strategy on particulate emission characteristics of an ammonia diesel dual-fuel engine were examined by merging experimental and simulation results; additionally, soot formation and oxidation mechanism were investigated. Results showed that the reduction in particulate emission was substantially higher than the increase in AER.