Application of an innovative grid-based surveillance strategy to ensure elimination and prevent reintroduction of malaria in high-risk border communities in China.

Grid management is a grassroots governance strategy widely implemented in China since 2004 to improve the government's efficiency to actively find and solve problems among populated regions. A grid-based strategy surveillancing high-risk groups, including mobile and migrant populations (MMPs), in the China-Myanmar border region has played an indispensable role in promoting and consolidating the malaria elimination efforts by tracking and timely identification of potential importation or re-establishment of malaria among MMPs. A sequential mixed methods was implementated to explore the operational mechanism and best practices of the grid-based strategy including through the focus group discussions (FGDs), comparison of before and after the implementation of a grid-based strategy in the field sites, and data collection from the local health system.

Molecular epidemiology of mosquito-borne viruses at the China-Myanmar border: discovery of a potential epidemic focus of Japanese encephalitis.

Background: Mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance can serve as an early warning in evaluating the status of mosquito-borne virus prevalence and thus prevent local outbreaks. Although Tengchong County in Yunnan Province-which borders Myanmar-is abundant and diverse in mosquitoes, very few mosquito-based arbovirus investigations have been conducted in the recent decade. Herein, this study aims to evaluate the presence and the diffusion of mosquito-borne pathogens, currently prevalent in this region.

Detection of novel piroplasmid species and Babesia microti and Theileria orientalis genotypes in hard ticks from Tengchong County, Southwest China.

To reveal the genetic diversity of Babesia microti and Theileria orientalis in Southwest China, we conducted a molecular survey of piroplasms in hard ticks in a China-Myanmar border county. Host infesting and questing ticks were collected from Tengchong County in 2013 and 2014. Piroplasm infection in ticks was detected by PCR, and then, phylogenetic analysis was conducted to study the genetic diversity of the pathogens identified in ticks.

High genetic diversity in hard ticks from a China-Myanmar border county.

Background: Many tick species have great morphological similarity and are thus grouped into species complexes. Molecular methods are therefore useful in the classification and identification of ticks. However, little is known about the genetic diversity of hard ticks in China, especially at the subspecies level.

[Malaria focus investigation and disposal in Tengchong City between 2015 and 2016].

Objective: To analyze the results of malaria focus investigation and disposal in Tengchong City, Yunnan Province between 2015 and 2016, so as to provide evidences for interrupting potential malaria transmission.

Methods: The malaria foci were investigated and disposed according to the malaria cases reported from "China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention" in Tengchong City between 2015 and 2016. The mosquitoes were captured by mosquito-lured lamp overnight to investigate the malaria vector in local.

Evaluation of Measures and Achievements of Malaria Control in Tengchong City, Yunnan Province during 2010-2015.

Objective: To evaluate the measures and achievements of malaria control in Tengchong City during 2010-2015.

Methods: The malaria control information on epidemiology, foci disposal, blood detection of febrile patients, and medical treatment during 2010-2015 in Tengchong City was collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010.

Results: In 2010-2015, 1 654 malaria cases were reported in Tengchong City, including 18 indigenous cases, 22 domestically mobile cases, and 1 614 imported cases from abroad, of whom 1 584 cases （98.

[An Imported Case of Vivax Malaria with Co-occurrence of Different Stages of Plasmodium vivax in Erythrocyte].

The blood sample from a case of vivax malaria in Tengchong City, Yunnan Province, was tested with CareStartTM malaria rapid diagnostic test, Giemsa staining and nested PCR in 2012. The case was determined to be infected with Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae or P.

[Risk Assessment for Malaria Transmission in the Border Area of Yunnan Province].

Objective: To assess the malaria transmission risk in the border area of Yunnan Province and provide evidence for adjustment of malaria intervention and elimination strategies.

Method: Data concerning malaria prevalence, vector distribution, and institutional intervention capacity were collected in 197 towns of 20 counties in the border area of Yunnan Province during 2012-2014. The malaria transmission potential index （TPI）, intervention capacity index (ICI) and malaria risk index (MRI) were calculated for each town, based on the criteria formulated by a professional committee.

[Epidemiological analysis of imported malaria cases in 20 counties at border region of Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2014].

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the imported malaria cases in 20 counties at the border region of Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2014, so as to provide the evidence-based proof for adjusting the strategies in the elimination stage.

Methods: The malaria epidemic data of the 20 border counties in Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2014 were collected and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2010.

Results: From 2012 to 2014, a total of 1 558 malaria cases were reported in the 20 border counties in Yunnan Province, among which, 1 336 were imported cases, accounting for 85.

[Malaria surveillance in Tengchong County of Yunnan Province in 2013].

Objective: To analyze the surveillance data of malaria in Tengchong County of Yunnan Province in 2013, so as to provide the evidence for carrying out the malaria elimination in the future.

Methods: The data of epidemic situation and surveillance of malaria in Tengchong County in 2013 were collected and analyzed for the prevalence state as well as and the monitoring indicators including the blood examination of fever patients of unknown origin, initiative detection of cases, under-reporting survey, sentinel surveillance and species and density investigation of Anopheles mosquitoes.

Results: Totally 138 malaria cases were reported in Tengchong County in 2013, among which 118 cases were infected with Plasmodium vivax and 20 cases with P.

Emergence of babesiosis in China-Myanmar border areas.

E. Vannier and P. J.