Erratum: Author Correction: The influence of HLA genotype on the development of metal hypersensitivity following joint replacement.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00137-0.].

The influence of HLA genotype on the development of metal hypersensitivity following joint replacement.

Background: Over five million joint replacements are performed across the world each year. Cobalt chrome (CoCr) components are used in most of these procedures. Some patients develop delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to CoCr implants, resulting in tissue damage and revision surgery.

The contribution of the histopathological examination to the diagnosis of adverse local tissue reactions in arthroplasty.

The histopathological examination of the periprosthetic soft tissue and bone has contributed to the identification and description of the morphological features of adverse local tissue reactions (ALTR)/adverse reactions to metallic debris (ARMD). The need of a uniform vocabulary for all disciplines involved in the diagnosis and management of ALTR/ARMD and of clarification of the parameters used in the semi-quantitative scoring systems for their classification has been considered a pre-requisite for a meaningful interdisciplinary evaluation.This review of key terms used for ALTR/ARMD has resulted in the following outcomes: (a) pseudotumor is a descriptive term for ALTR/ARMD, classifiable in two main types according to its cellular composition defining its clinical course; (b) the substitution of the term metallosis with presence of metallic wear debris, since it cannot be used as a category of implant failure or histological diagnosis; (c) the term aseptic lymphocytic-dominated vasculitis- associated lesion (ALVAL) should be replaced due to the absence of a vasculitis with ALLTR/ALRMD for lymphocytic-predominant and AMLTR/AMRMD for macrophage-predominant reaction.

The influence of HLA genotype on the severity of COVID-19 infection.

The impact of COVID-19 varies markedly, not only between individual patients but also between different populations. We hypothesised that differences in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes might influence this variation. Using next generation sequencing, we analysed the class I and class II classical HLA genes of 147 individuals of European descent experiencing variable clinical outcomes following COVID-19 infection.

The clinical implications of elevated blood metal ion concentrations in asymptomatic patients with MoM hip resurfacings: a cohort study.

Objective: To determine whether elevated blood cobalt (Co) concentrations are associated with early failure of metal-on-metal (MoM) hip resurfacings secondary to adverse reaction to metal debris (ARMD).

Design: Cohort study.

Setting: Single centre orthopaedic unit.