A sham-controlled clinical trial to examine the effect of bilateral tDCS on craving, TNF-α and IL-6 expression levels, and impulsivity of males with opioid use disorder.

Background: Opioid use disorder (OUD) is one of the problems and concerns of all countries in the world. On the other hand, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used as a new therapeutic intervention in various psychiatric disorders.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of bilateral tDCS on the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), craving and impulsive behaviors of male patients with OUD.