The Speed of Sound in Rat Liver With Steatohepatitis: Ex Vivo Analysis Using Two Types of Ultrasound Systems.

We have previously reported a non-invasive method that would be clinically applicable for measurement of speed of sound (SOS) in the liver. The objective of the present study was to confirm the utility of this new method for assessing over time the SOS in liver with progressive steatohepatitis of different grades and stages. Rats were divided into two groups-a control group and a steatohepatitis group-prepared by keeping the rats on a methionine and choline-deficient diet for 43 wk.

Successful percutaneous flexible ureteroscopy for treatment of distal ureteral stones under modified Valdivia position after Cohen reimplantation.

Introduction: Endoscopic retrograde access to the upper urinary tract after Cohen reimplantation for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children is usually difficult.

Case Presentation: We experienced a case involving a few large ureteral stones in the right distal ureter after Cohen reimplantation. We initially failed retrograde access using flexible cystoscope.

Synthesis of glycosyl fluorides from (phenylthio)glycosides using IF5-pyridine-HF.

IF5-pyridine-HF, an air- and moisture-stable fluorinating reagent, was applied to the synthesis of glycosyl fluorides from (phenylthio)glycosides. Common protecting groups of alcohol and diol can tolerate the reaction conditions performed, and therefore, the present method is applicable to the synthesis of various glycosyl fluorides.

A new method for measuring the speed of sound in rat liver ex vivo using an ultrasound system: correlation of sound speed with fat deposition.

The speed of sound correlates well with the fat content of the liver. Therefore, non-invasive quantification of sound speed in the liver might be of diagnostic value. Here we describe a new non-invasive method that would be clinically applicable for measurement of sound speed in the liver.

Direct asymmetric α-allylation of α-branched aldehydes by two catalytic systems with an achiral Pd complex and a chiral primary α-amino acid.

Direct α-allylation of α-branched aldehydes was successfully carried out with a readily available allyl ester by combined use of two catalytic systems: Tsuji-Trost allylation reaction with an achiral palladium complex and enamine catalysis with a chiral primary α-amino acid. A quaternary carbon stereogenic center was constructed stereoselectively to give various 2,2-disubstituted pent-4-enals in good yields with high enantioselectivity.

Enantioselective synthesis of gabapentin analogues via organocatalytic asymmetric Michael addition of α-branched aldehydes to β-nitroacrylates.

Michael addition reaction of α-branched aldehydes to β-nitroacrylates was successfully carried out by using a mixed catalyst consisting of a primary amino acid, L-phenylalanine, and its lithium salt to give β-formyl-β'-nitroesters having a quaternary carbon centre in good yields (up to 85%) with high enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee). By using benzyl β-nitroacrylates as Michael acceptors, the obtained β-formyl-β'-nitroesters were converted into various 4,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acids including analogues of gabapentin (Neurotin(®)) in one step from the Michael adducts in high yields.

Stereoselective synthesis of mono-fluoroalkenes.

Recent developments in the stereoselective synthesis of fluoroalkenes, which include hydrofluorination of alkyne, fluorination of alkenylmetal, condensation methods, dehydrofluorination of gem-difluoro compounds, and a cross-coupling reaction using fluorohaloalkenes or fluoroalkenylmetal, are described in this chapter.

Asymmetric Michael addition of malonates to enones catalyzed by a primary β-amino acid and its lithium salt.

Highly enantioselective Michael addition of malonates to enones was achieved using a mixed catalyst consisting of a primary β-amino acid, O-TBDPS (S)-β-homoserine, and its lithium salt. Various cyclic and acyclic enones were converted into 1,5-ketoesters in high yields (up to 92%) with high enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee) under mild reaction conditions. Details of synthesis of the catalyst, optimization of the reaction conditions for the Michael addition reaction, and a plausible reaction mechanism are described.

Conversion of MT-sulfone to a trifluoromethyl group by IF5: the application of an MT-sulfone anion as a trifluoromethyl anion equivalent.

An MT-sulfone group was converted to a trifluoromethyl group by treatment with IF(5) after an alkylation reaction. Therefore, an MT-sulfone anion can be used as a trifluoromethyl anion equivalent. The formal asymmetric Michael-addition of a trifluoromethyl anion to crotonaldehyde was also performed.

One-pot asymmetric synthesis of γ-nitroaldehydes from aldehydes and nitroalkanes through a catalytic tandem reaction using an amino acid lithium salt.

One-pot asymmetric synthesis of γ-nitroaldehydes from aldehydes and nitroalkanes was achieved by a catalytic tandem reaction using a primary amino acid lithium salt, O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl l-tyrosine lithium salt, as a catalyst. Various aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl aldehydes were converted into γ-nitroaldehydes via in situ generation of nitroalkenes.

Polyfluorination using IF(5).

The polyfluorination of α-(arylthio)carbonyl compounds was achieved by a successive application of polyfluorination using IF(5), Friedel-Crafts arylation, and desulfurizing fluorination using IF(5). Three to six fluorine atoms were selectively introduced to the carbons located between the aromatic ring and the carbonyl group.

Asymmetric Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes using a primary amino acid lithium salt.

Enantioselective Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes was successfully carried out by asymmetric catalysis with L-phenylalanine lithium salt, giving gamma-nitroaldehydes in good yields with high enantioselectivity.

Primary amino acid lithium salt as a catalyst for asymmetric Michael addition of isobutyraldehyde with beta-nitroalkenes.

Phenylalanine lithium salt was found to be an effective catalyst for asymmetric Michael addition of isobutyraldehyde with beta-nitroalkenes to give quaternary carbon-containing nitroalkanes.

Selective fluorination of adamantanes by an electrochemical method.

Selective fluorination of adamantanes was achieved by the electrochemical fluorination method, using Et 3N-5HF as electrolyte and a fluorine source. Mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrafluoroadamantanes were selectively prepared from adamantanes by controlling the oxidation potential, and the fluorine atoms were introduced selectively at the tertiary carbons. Adamantanes that have functional groups such as ester, cyano, and acetoxymethyl were also fluorinated selectively.

Degradation of Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F) by Sphingobium yanoikuyae strain FM-2 isolated from river water.

Three bacteria capable of utilizing bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F [BPF]) as the sole carbon source were isolated from river water, and they all belonged to the family Sphingomonadaceae. One of the isolates, designated Sphingobium yanoikuyae strain FM-2, at an initial cell density of 0.01 (optical density at 600 nm) completely degraded 0.

Stereoselective synthesis of 5-7 membered cyclic ethers by deiodonative ring-enlargement using hypervalent iodine reagents.

Stereoselective synthesis of 5-7 membered cyclic ethers was achieved by deiodonative ring-enlargement of cyclic ethers having an iodoalkyl substituent. The reaction took place readily under mild conditions using hypervalent iodine compounds and an acetoxy or a trifluoroacetoxy group was introduced into the rings depending on the hypervalent iodine reagent employed. The use of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as solvent is critical.

Stereoselective synthesis of (E)- and (Z)-Fluoroalkenylboronates using 2-fluoroalkylideneiodonium ylides generated from (2-fluoro-1-alkenyl)iodonium salts.

(E)- and (Z)-(fluoroalkenyl)boronates were prepared stereospecifically by the reaction of 2-fluoroalkylideneiodonium ylide generated from (E)- or (Z)-(2-fluoroalkenyl)iodonium salts with di(p-fluorophenoxy)alkylboranes, followed by transesterification to pinacol esters. The resulting pinacol esters of (fluoroalkenyl)boranes were used for the stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted fluoroalkenes by cross-coupling reactions.

Stereoselective generation of (E)- and (Z)-2-fluoroalkylidene-type carbenoids from (2-fluoro-1-alkenyl)iodonium salts and their application for stereoselective synthesis of fluoroalkenes.

Alkylidene-type carbenoids, generated from (Z)- or (E)-(2-fluoro-1-alkenyl)iodonium salts by treatment with LDA, reacted with trialkylboranes to give (E)- or (Z)-(fluoroalkenyl)boranes stereoselectively. The resulting (fluoroalkenyl)borane can be used for the selective synthesis of (E)- or (Z)-fluoroalkenes, (E)- or (Z)-fluoroiodoalkenes, and alpha-fluoroketones. [reaction: see text]

Clinical outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy according to tumor size.

Objectives: In order to evaluate the indication and usefulness of laparoscopic adrenalectomy, clinical outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for patients with adrenal tumors were examined. Whether tumor size affects surgical outcome was analysed, along with the long-term clinical outcome for these patients.

Patients And Methods: A total of 63 patients with adrenal tumor underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy in our institute between 1999 and 2003.

Selective monofluorination of diols using DFMBA.

Selective monofluorination of 1,2- and 1,3-diols was achieved by reaction with DFMBA. The method is applicable for the synthesis of optically-active fluorohydrin derivatives.

Global analysis of gene expression profiles in ileum in a rat bladder augmentation model using cDNA microarrays.

Background: The objective of the present study was to globally characterize the changes in the gene expression profile in the ileum after long-term urine exposure in a rat ileal augmented bladder model using cDNA microarrays.

Methods: Bladder augmentation using the ileum was performed in female 8-week-old rats. The ileal epithelia used for bladder augmentation were harvested 1 and 3 months postoperatively and changes in the gene expression in these tissues were compared with that of intact ileal epithelia from sham-operated rats using cDNA microarrays consisting of 1176 rat genes.

Antitumor effect of simultaneous transfer of interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 genes and its mechanism in a mouse bladder cancer model.

Background: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antitumor effects of the simultaneous introduction of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-18 genes into a mouse bladder cancer cell line (MBT2). We intended to compare these with those of either gene alone and to investigate the mechanism of the effects induced by the transfer of IL-12 and/or IL-18 genes in this model system.

Methods: We transfected the IL-12 and/or IL-18 genes into MBT2 cells by the liposome-mediated gene transfer method.

Significance of renal function in changes in acid-base metabolism after orthotopic bladder replacement: colon neobladder compared with ileal neobladder.

Background: The objective of this study was to determine whether renal function influences the acid-base metabolism in patients undergoing orthotopic bladder replacement using intestinal segment.

Methods: Acid-base balance, serum electrolytes and renal function were studied in 30 patients with colon neobladder and 18 patients with ileal neobladder. Mean follow up was 51 months.

Polyfluorination of aryl alkyl sulfides by IF5 with concomitant migration of the arylthio group.

[reaction: see text] In the reaction of p-chlorophenyl alkyl sulfides with IF(5), polyfluorination reaction took place on the alkyl chain with the migration of the arylthio group. Consequently, p-chlorophenyl polyfluoroalkyl sulfides, having 3-7 fluorine atoms depending on alkyl chain length, could be obtained selectively.

Predicting factors for collection of peripheral blood stem cells in patients with advanced germ cell tumors after cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy.

The objectives of this study were to identify the predictive factors for the mobilization of CD34 positive peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) and to determine the optimal timing of PBSC harvest in patients with advanced germ cell tumors after cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. Thirty-eight patients with advanced germ cell tumors were enrolled in this study. We undertook a retrospective analysis of 124 aphereses performed between March, 1994 and December, 1999.