Performance of Fluid Infusion Systems in the Changing Atmospheric Pressures Encountered in Aviation.

Introduction: With the increasing use of aeromedical transport for critically ill patients, it is essential to understand the impact of pressure changes on drug infusion delivery systems. As airplanes ascend and descend, gases/bubbles are released from solutions when ambient pressure decreases and dissolves when pressure increases. This may affect mechanical fluid delivery systems and cause clinically significant changes, especially within a critical care setting.

The Feasibility of an Experimental Hypobaric Simulation to Evaluate the Safety of Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems in Flight-Related Atmospheric Pressure Changes.

Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems remain underexplored within aviation, and as atmospheric pressure changes can independently affect insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring readings, this preliminary study assessed the feasibility of HCL safety evaluation, in both fasting and post-prandial states, by using hypobaric chamber to simulate flights. Participants with type 1 diabetes and on HCL were studied: Medtronic Guardian 4-Medtronic 780G-SmartGuard ( = 4), Dexcom G6-Omnipod DASH-Android APS ( = 1), and Dexcom G6-Ypsomed Pump-CamAPS ( = 1). Flight cabin pressures of 550 mmHg and 750 mmHg were simulated in a hypobaric chamber.

Ethnic differences in postprandial fatty acid trafficking and utilization between overweight and obese White European and Black African-Caribbean men.

Black African-Caribbean (BAC) populations are at greater risk of cardiometabolic disease than White Europeans (WE), despite exhibiting lower fasting triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations. However, limited data exist regarding postprandial fatty acid metabolism in BAC populations. This study determined the ethnic differences in postprandial fatty acid metabolism between overweight and obese WE and BAC men.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring by Insulin-Treated Pilots Flying Commercial Aircraft Within the ARA.MED.330 Diabetes Protocol: A Preliminary Feasibility Study.

A preliminary study compared the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with the use of self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) by aircraft pilots with insulin-treated diabetes in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Austria, certified to fly commercial aircraft within the European Aviation Safety Agency ARA.MED.330 protocol.

Effect of Dapagliflozin on Cardiac Function and Metabolic and Hormonal Responses to Exercise.

Objective: This work aimed to investigate the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin (DAPA), on cardiac function and the metabolic and hormonal response to moderate exercise in people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with a 4-week washout period. Nine participants were randomly assigned to receive either 4 weeks of DAPA or 4 weeks of placebo.

The SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin Increases the Oxidation of Ingested Fatty Acids to Ketones in Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism for increased ketogenesis following treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in people with type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: The design was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with a 4-week washout period. Participants received dapagliflozin or placebo in random order for 4 weeks.

Dose Dependent Effects of Fructose and Glucose on de novo Palmitate and Glycerol Synthesis in an Enterocyte Cell Model.

Scope: Fructose exacerbates post-prandial hypertriacylglycerolaemia; perhaps partly due to increased enterocyte de novo lipogenesis (DNL). It is unknown whether this is concentration-dependent or if fructose has a greater effect on lipid synthesis than glucose. Dose-dependent effects of fructose and glucose on DNL and de novo triacylglycerol (TAG)-glycerol synthesis are investigated in a Caco-2 cell model.

Exploring the determinants of ethnic differences in insulin clearance between men of Black African and White European ethnicity.

Aim: People of Black African ancestry, who are known to be at disproportionately high risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), typically exhibit lower hepatic insulin clearance compared with White Europeans. However, the mechanisms underlying this metabolic characteristic are poorly understood. We explored whether low insulin clearance in Black African (BA) men could be explained by insulin resistance, subclinical inflammation or adiponectin concentrations.

Adiponectin is associated with insulin sensitivity in white European men but not black African men.

Aims: We aimed to assess ethnic differences in inflammatory markers and their relationships with insulin sensitivity and regional adiposity between white European and black African men.

Methods: A total of 53 white European and 53 black African men underwent assessment of inflammatory markers alongside Dixon-magnetic resonance imaging to quantify subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue and intrahepatic lipid. A hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp was used to measure whole-body and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity.

Ethnic differences in beta cell function occur independently of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic fat in black and white men.

Introduction: It is increasingly recognized that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogenous disease with ethnic variations. Differences in insulin secretion, insulin resistance and ectopic fat are thought to contribute to these variations. Therefore, we aimed to compare postprandial insulin secretion and the relationships between insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic fat in men of black West African (BA) and white European (WE) ancestry.

Corrigendum: Foam Cells Control Infection.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.

Foam Cells Control Infection.

() infects macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells, a hallmark of granulomata in tuberculous lesions. We analyzed the effects of lipid accumulation in human primary macrophages and quantified strong triglyceride and phospholipid remodeling which depended on the dietary fatty acid used for the assay. The enrichment of >70% in triglyceride and phospholipids can alter cell membrane properties, signaling and phagocytosis in macrophages.

Metabolic Effects of an SGLT2 Inhibitor (Dapagliflozin) During a Period of Acute Insulin Withdrawal and Development of Ketoacidosis in People With Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: To determine the effect of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on glucose flux, lipolysis, and ketone body concentrations during insulin withdrawal in people with type 1 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with a 4-week washout period was performed in 12 people with type 1 diabetes using insulin pump therapy. Participants received dapagliflozin or placebo in random order for 7 days.

The Effect of Fructose Feeding on Intestinal Triacylglycerol Production and De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Humans.

A high fructose intake exacerbates postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, although it is unclear whether this is due to increased production or impaired clearance of triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoproteins. We determined the in vivo acute effect of fructose on postprandial intestinal and hepatic lipoprotein TAG kinetics and de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Five overweight men were studied twice, 4 weeks apart.

Insulin clearance as the major player in the hyperinsulinaemia of black African men without diabetes.

Aim: To investigate relationships between insulin clearance, insulin secretion, hepatic fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity in black African (BA) and white European (WE) men.

Methods: Twenty-three BA and twenty-three WE men with normal glucose tolerance, matched for age and body mass index, underwent a hyperglycaemic clamp to measure insulin secretion and clearance, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp with stable glucose isotope infusion to measure whole-body and hepatic-specific insulin sensitivity, and magnetic resonance imaging to quantify intrahepatic lipid (IHL).

Results: BA men had higher glucose-stimulated peripheral insulin levels (48.

HDL-apoA-I kinetics in response to 16 wk of exercise training in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by low-circulating concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and raised triacylglycerol (TAG). Exercise reduces hepatic fat content, improves insulin resistance and increases clearance of very-low-density lipoprotein-1 (VLDL). However, the effect of exercise on TAG and HDL-C metabolism is unknown.

Differences in the link between insulin sensitivity and ectopic fat in men of Black African and White European ethnicity.

Objectives: In men of black west African (BAM) and white European (WEM) ethnicity, we aimed to (1) compare adipose tissue, peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity and (2) investigate associations between ectopic fat and insulin sensitivity by ethnicity.

Design And Methods: In overweight BAM (n = 21) and WEM (n = 23) with normal glucose tolerance, we performed a two-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp with infusion of [6,6 2H2]-glucose and [2H5]-glycerol to measure whole body, peripheral, hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (lipolysis). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intrahepatic lipids (IHL) and intramyocellular (IMCL) lipids were measured using MRI and spectroscopy.

Ethnic differences in intrahepatic lipid and its association with hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance between men of black and white ethnicity with early type 2 diabetes.

Intrahepatic lipid (IHL) is linked with reduced hepatic insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance. Despite their high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), there have been limited investigations of these relationships in black populations. We investigated these relationships in 18 white European (WE) and 18 black West African (BWA) men with T2D <5 years.

Lixisenatide Reduces Chylomicron Triacylglycerol by Increased Clearance.

Context: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists control postprandial glucose and lipid excursion in type 2 diabetes; however, the mechanisms are unclear.

Objective: To determine the mechanisms of postprandial lipid and glucose control with lixisenatide (GLP-1 analog) in type 2 diabetes.

Design: Randomized, double-blind, cross-over study.

Impact of liver fat on the differential partitioning of hepatic triacylglycerol into VLDL subclasses on high and low sugar diets.

Dietary sugars are linked to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dyslipidaemia, but it is unknown if NAFLD itself influences the effects of sugars on plasma lipoproteins. To study this further, men with NAFLD ( = 11) and low liver fat 'controls' ( = 14) were fed two iso-energetic diets, high or low in sugars (26% or 6% total energy) for 12 weeks, in a randomised, cross-over design. Fasting plasma lipid and lipoprotein kinetics were measured after each diet by stable isotope trace-labelling.