Orthostatic and Exercise Effects in Children Years After Kawasaki Disease.

The long-term orthostatic and/or exercise hemodynamic effects in children years after Kawasaki disease (KD) were studied using clinical data from the treadmill exercise test (TMET). Heart rate (HR) and blood pressures (BPs) recorded in TMET were compared between two age, gender, and body scale-matched groups of patients with and without a history of KD. The KD group included 60 patients (9.

Radius exponent in elastic and rigid arterial models optimized by the least energy principle.

It was analyzed in normal physiological arteries whether the least energy principle would suffice to account for the radius exponent x. The mammalian arterial system was modeled as two types, the elastic or the rigid, to which Bernoulli's and Hagen-Poiseuille's equations were applied, respectively. We minimized the total energy function E, which was defined as the sum of kinetic, pressure, metabolic and thermal energies, and loss of each per unit time in a single artery transporting viscous incompressible blood.

Model combining hydrodynamics and fractal theory for analysis of in vivo peripheral pulmonary and systemic resistance of shunt cardiac defects.

The fractal state of the arterial vascular tree is considered to have a universal dimension related to the principle of minimum work rate, but can demonstrate the capacity to adapt to other dimensions in disease states such as congenital high-flow pulmonary hypertension (PH) by a process that is incompletely understood. To document and interpret fractal adaptation in patients with different degrees of PH, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance was analyzed by a model that evaluated the fractal dimension, x, of the Poiseuille resistance contribution of the arterial vessel radius between 10 and 100μm, via the proportionality Q∝(R(peri)/BL)(-x/4), with Q, R(peri), and BL clinically observed variables representing total pulmonary or systemic blood flow, its peripheral arterial resistance, and body length, respectively. Identification of x in the pulmonary (P) and systemic (S) beds was evaluated from hemodynamic data of 213 patients, categorized into 7 groups by PH grade.

Clinical implication of main pulmonary artery Windkessel size after banding operation.

Background: The Windkessel model, proposed in 1895 by O. Frank, successfully explained systemic and abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics of congenital cardiac defects. The model is essentially a functional one and describes only hemodynamics, not anatomical or geographic structures.

Clinical significance of reduced systemic Windkessel size in severe ventricular septal defect patients.

Background: Large-shunt ventricular septal defect (VSD) infants manifest varied serious symptoms resulting from peripheral arterial constriction to compensate for increased pulmonary blood flow (Qp) and concomitantly decreased systemic blood flow (Qs). The aim of the present paper was therefore to estimate the whole arterial space proximal to arterioles as the systemic Windkessel size (WS) in these infants and compare it with aortic volume (AV) estimated angiographically.

Method: Subjects were divided into three groups.