Nifuratel reduces survival in macrophages by extracellular and intracellular antibacterial activity.

are intracellular bacterial pathogens for which, as with many of the other , antibiotic resistance is becoming an increasing problem. New antibiotics are being sought as recommended by the World Health Organization and other international institutions. These must be able to penetrate macrophages, and infect the major host cells and the -containing vacuole.

Safety of the serotype Dublin strain Sdu189-derived live attenuated vaccine-A pilot study.

serovar Dublin (. Dublin) is an important zoonotic pathogen with high invasiveness. In the prevention and control of the epidemic, the live attenuated vaccine plays a very important role.

The Loss of Gene Increases the Ability of Enteritidis to Exit from Macrophages and Boosts Early Extraintestinal Spread for Systemic Infection in a Mouse Model.

Enteritidis (SE) can spread from the intestines to cause systemic infection, mainly involving macrophages. Intramacrophage exits and reinfects neighboring cells, leading to severe disease. genes involved in exiting from macrophages are not well understood or fully identified.

A phage for the controlling of Salmonella in poultry and reducing biofilms.

As a natural alternative to traditional antimicrobials, phages are being recognised as highly effective control agents for Salmonella and other foodborne bacteria. Due to the high diversity of Salmonella serotypes and the emergence of phage-resistant strains, attempting to isolate more widespread, strictly lytic Salmonella phages is highly warranted. In this study, a lytic phage, LP31, was isolated from poultry faecal samples.

Safety and protective efficacy of Salmonella Pullorum spiC and rfaH deletion rough mutant as a live attenuated DIVA vaccine candidate.

Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) causes pullorum disease (PD), which is an acute systemic disease, in chickens, and leads to serious economic losses in many developing countries because of its high morbidity and mortality rate in young chicks. The live-attenuated vaccine is considered to be an effective measure to control the Salmonella infection.

Revisiting Persistent Infection and the Carrier State: What Do We Know?

One characteristic of the few serovars that produce typhoid-like infections is that disease-free persistent infection can occur for months or years in a small number of individuals post-convalescence. The bacteria continue to be shed intermittently which is a key component of the epidemiology of these infections. Persistent chronic infection occurs despite high levels of circulating specific IgG.

High genetic similarity of Salmonella Enteritidis as a predominant serovar by an independent survey in 3 large-scale chicken farms in China.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) are important zoonotic pathogens, and can be easily transferred to humans by contaminated animal products. Epidemic surveys of SE are necessary in current modern large-scale chicken farms. In this study, Salmonella strains were isolated from possibly infected samples collected at 3 independent farms, and their serotype, drug resistances, virulence genes, and genetic similarity were analyzed by molecular genetic analysis technologies including multilocus sequence typing (MLST), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

Salmonella Pullorum spiC mutant is a desirable LASV candidate with proper virulence, high immune protection and easy-to-use oral administration.

Live attenuated Salmonellavaccine (LASV) is considered to be an effective contributory measure during the control of Salmonella infection. A Salmonella Pullorum spiC mutant was evaluated comprehensively as a LASV candidate (LASV-p) for broilers in terms of safety and immunogenicity. LASV-p was adminstered to 3-day broilers by intramuscular injection.

WbaP is required for swarm motility and intramacrophage multiplication of Salmonella Enteritidis spiC mutant by glucose use ability.

Salmonella spp. can survive and replicate in macrophage cells to cause persistent infection, SpiC is a necessary T3SS effector, but its pathogenic mechanism is still not known completely. In our study, Salmonella Enteritidis spiC mutant (SEΔspiC) was found to have stronger swarming motility and intramacrophage hyperproliferation which was closely related to glucose metabolism.

Multiple PCR assay based on the cigR gene for detection of Salmonella spp. and Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum identification.

Salmonella spp. are important zoonotic pathogens that are responsible for severe diseases in both animals and humans. Salmonella enterica subsp.

A McAb-Based Direct Competitive ELISA to Detect O:9 Infection in Chicken.

and belonging to Group O are major causative agents of infectious diseases in chicken. O antigen as a part of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a predominant detected target for infection. To identify the infection, an anti-O monoclonal antibody (McAb)-based direct competitive enzyme-linked assay (O Dc-ELISA) was developed after constraints were optimized; the establishment and application of O Dc-ELISA, compared to two commercial kits and plate agglutination test (PAT), showed that O Dc-ELISA could screen out more positive samples than the PAT method could and produce the same agreement rates with commercial kits in terms of sensitivity in addition to strong specificity to clinical serum samples.

Evaluation of the Safety and Protection Efficacy of and or Deletion Mutants of Enteritidis as Live Vaccine Candidates for Poultry Non-Typhoidal Salmonellosis.

serovar Enteritidis ( Enteritidis) is a host-ranged pathogen that can infect both animals and humans. Poultry and poultry products are the main carriers of Enteritidis, which can be transmitted to humans through the food chain. To eradicate the prevalence of Enteritidis in poultry farms, it is necessary to develop novel vaccines against the pathogen.

Immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of a sptP deletion mutant of Salmonella Enteritidis as a live vaccine for chickens against a lethal challenge.

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a highly adapted pathogen causing severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Chickens infected by SE are a major source of human food poisoning. Vaccination is an effective approach to control SE infections.

Controversy Surrounding the Function of SpiC Protein in : An Overview.

is an important pathogenic microorganism that can infect humans and animals and has been studied globally as a model microorganism for its pathogenesis. The SpiC protein of T3SS2 is a significant factor that has been studied for almost 20 years, but to date, the function/effect of SpiC in the pathogenesis of has not been completely understood. There is controversy over the functions of SpiC protein in the literature.

Salmonella Coiled-Coil- and TIR-Containing TcpS Evades the Innate Immune System and Subdues Inflammation.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate innate immunity via interactions between their Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain and downstream adaptor proteins. Here we report that Salmonella Enteritidis produces a secreted protein (TcpS) that contains both a TIR domain and a coiled-coil domain. TcpS blocks MyD88- and TRIF-mediated TLR signaling, inhibits inflammatory responses, and promotes bacterial survival.

Molecular cloning and functional analysis of TRAF6 from Yangzhou great white goose Anser anser.

TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is an adaptor protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase mediating multiple cell signaling pathway activation in a context-dependent manner. TRAF6 plays critical roles in innate immune response and regulates function of antigen-presenting cells. Here, we cloned the goose TRAF6 (goTRAF6) gene from a healthy Yangzhou great white goose (Anser anser), which had a typical TRAF structure and shared a high-sequence identity with TRAF6 of other birds.

The SseL protein inhibits the intracellular NF-κB pathway to enhance the virulence of Salmonella Pullorum in a chicken model.

To persist in the host, Salmonella is known to facultatively parasitize cells to escape the immune response. Intracellular Salmonella enterica can replicate using effector proteins translocated across the Salmonella-containing vacuolar membrane via a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2). One of these factors, Salmonella secreted factor L (SseL), is a deubiquitinase that contributes to the virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium in mice by inhibiting the cellular NF-κB inflammatory pathway.

Induction of arthritis in chickens by infection with novel virulent Salmonella Pullorum strains.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (Salmonella Pullorum) is a host-specific serovar causing systemic infection with high mortality in young chicks. Pullorum disease is characterized by white diarrhea.

A new PCR assay based on the new gene-SPUL_2693 for rapid detection of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and biovar Pullorum (S.

Analyses of prevalence and molecular typing reveal the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection across two breeder chicken farms.

In this study, Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance were evaluated at various production stages in 2 geographically separated breeder farms (referred to as G and F). Day-old chicks for the breeder flock at farm F were purchased from farm G. A total of 219 Salmonella isolates, all identified as Salmonella enterica subsp.

Activation of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) restricts Salmonella Typhimurium growth by inducing AMPK activation and autophagy.

Autophagy is a conserved cellular process that functions as a first-line defense to restrict the growth of invading parasitic bacteria. As an intracellular pathogen, Salmonella (S) Typhimurium invades host cells through two Type III secretion systems (T3SS) and resides in the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). When the SCV membrane is perforated and ruptured by T3SS-1, a small portion of the Salmonella egresses from the SCV and replicates rapidly in the nutrient-rich cytosol.

[Expression and assembly of chimeric flagellins in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and Salmonella].

Flagellin can be expressed in monomeric or polymeric form based on assembly. The difference of these two forms of flagellin is less studied. In this experiment, recombinant plasmid pET-fliC/M2e2 was transferred into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and Salmonella SL5928 to express chimeric flagellin, mfliC/M and pfliC/M, respectively, and then their assembly characteristics were analyzed.

Genetic analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum based on characterization and evolution of CRISPR sequence.

Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) is the cause of pullorum disease, characterized by white diarrhea, which leads to high mortality in poultry. In this study, we aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 655 S.

O-polysaccharide is important for Salmonella Pullorum survival in egg albumen, and virulence and colonization in chicken embryos.

The pathogen Salmonella Pullorum is the causative agent of persistent systemic infection of poultry, leading to economic losses in developing countries due to morbidity, mortality and reduction in egg production. These infections may result in vertical transmission to eggs or progeny. Limited information is available regarding the mechanisms involved in the survival of Salmonella Pullorum in egg albumen and developing chicken embryos.

Recombinant Salmonella expressing SspH2-EscI fusion protein limits its colonization in mice.

Background: Activation of inflammasome contributes to the clearance of intracellular bacteria. C-terminus of E. coli EscI protein can activate NLRC4 (NLR family, CARD domain containing-4) inflammasome in macrophages.