Substantially Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect in Ba(ZrTi)O Lead-Free Ferroelectric Ceramics via Lattice Stress Engineering.

As an alternative to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration, cooling devices based on electrocaloric (EC) materials are environmentally friendly and highly efficient, which are promising in realizing solid-state cooling. Lead-free ferroelectric ceramics with competitive EC performance are urgently desirable for EC cooling devices. In the past few decades, constructing phase coexistence and high polarizability have been two crucial factors in optimizing the EC performance.

Evaluating the impacts of the clean cities program.

The Department of Energy's Clean Cities program was created in 1993 to reduce petroleum usage in the transportation sector. The program promotes alternative fuels such as biofuels and fuel-saving strategies such as idle reduction and fleet management through coalitions of local government, non-profit, and private actors. Few studies have evaluated the impact of the program because of its complexity that include interrelated strategies of grants, education and training and diversity of participants.