Risk Factors and Stroke Subtyping in Young Adults: A Study From a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the risk factors and stroke subtypes for young ischemic stroke patients and their outcomes at the time of discharge.

Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of ischemic stroke patients (n = 264) between the age groups of 18 and 45. The study population was divided into two broad age groups: 18 to 35 years and 36 to 45 years; and compared based on demographics, risk factors, the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, and outcomes.

COVID-19 Infection in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Rituximab Compared to Natalizumab and Healthy Controls: A Real-World Multicenter Study.

Introduction: The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection on patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) undergoing various immunomodulating therapies can vary. Individuals on B-cell therapy, such as rituximab, may be more susceptible to infection compared to those treated with natalizumab.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection in patients receiving rituximab, natalizumab, and healthy controls.

Inpatient Burden of Neurological Disorders: A Route Map for Allocation of Resources and Postgraduate Training.

Introduction There are limited data regarding the profile of inpatient neurological disorders in India. Understanding the spectrum of diseases and the profile of patients admitted in an inpatient setting will help to streamline services, allocate resources, develop management protocols, design curricula, and improve training programs of postgraduate students in neurology training. Objective The objective of this study is to study the profile of inpatient neurological disorders in 1000 consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary care neurological center.

Headaches associated with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: A prospective cross-sectional study.

Objectives: The prevalence and characteristics of COVID-19-related headaches are not known in Indian patients. We aim to determine the prevalence and characteristics of headache in COVID-19-infected individuals and make a comparison with those without headaches.

Methods: This prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted from 1 October to 31 October 2020.

Subtotal vesical necrosis as a result of infected traumatic bladder hematoma: A rare case with a literature review of bladder necrosis due to hematoma.

Subtotal bladder necrosis following bladder hematoma is rare. We report such a case following blunt abdominal injury. The urologic presentation was delayed hematuria which settled with conservative management but was followed by the development of urosepsis.

Combined ureterocalicostomy with buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty in complex upper ureteral stricture: A rare case of reconstruction.

The treatment of a major and complex ureteric stricture requires the use of a bowel interposition or autotransplantation of the kidney, which is a major undertaking and remains the traditional option. Buccal mucosa is an established tissue for urethral reconstruction and can be used safely for the repair of narrowing of the ureter. This technique has been well documented in the literature; however, a combined ureterocalicostomy with buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty has not yet been reported in literature.

COVID-19-related strokes are associated with increased mortality and morbidity: A multicenter comparative study from Bengaluru, South India.

Background: COVID-19-related strokes are increasingly being diagnosed across the world. Knowledge about the clinical profile, imaging findings, and outcomes is still evolving. Here we describe the characteristics of a cohort of 62 COVID-19-related stroke patients from 13 hospitals, from Bangalore city, south India.

Efficacy and safety of rituximab in multiple sclerosis: Experience from a developing country.

Background: Rituximab is increasingly being used in treatment of multiple Sclerosis (MS) in our centers due to its easy availability, efficacy and favorable side effect profile. Here we describe experience with rituximab over a period of 4 years from three MS centers from south India.

Methods: The data of MS patients who were treated with rituximab in three MS centers at Bangalore, India, from December 2015 to December 2019 were collected and evaluated with respect to relapse rate, EDSS score and adverse events.

Post herpes zoster infection neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Neuromyelitis optica is a severe autoimmune demyelinating disease; however, the trigger for autoimmunity in an individual patient is unclear. Here, we report the case of a 48 year old female presenting with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in the cervical region of the spinal cord two weeks post herpes zoster infection in right C6 dermatome. Though post herpetic myelitis was provisionally diagnosed, serological evaluation revealed aquaporin-4 antibody positivity, confirming the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Unusual causes of obstruction to transplant ureter.

Surgical complications remain a significant clinical problem following renal trans-plantation. Ureteral obstruction following transplantation is not uncommon. Persistent obstruction of the ureterovesical anastomosis is the most common urologic complication.

The use of a novel reverse thermosensitive polymer to prevent ureteral stone retropulsion during intracorporeal lithotripsy: a randomized, controlled trial.

Purpose: We present the first randomized clinical study using BackStop, a novel reverse thermosensitive water-soluble polymer that is dispensed above the stone(s) and temporarily occludes the ureter to prevent retropulsion of stone fragments during ureteroscopic lithotripsy. After fragmentation is completed and concretions are extracted, conventional irrigation with saline dissolves the polymer, which is then flushed out.

Materials And Methods: A total of 68 subjects with a single stone in the proximal ureter and an indication for ureteroscopic lithotripsy were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled, multisite clinical study.

Knotting of the guide wires: A rare complication during minimally invasive procedure on kidney-Lessons learnt.

Guide wires are frequently used in various endourologic procedures to access the upper as well as lower urinary tract. Flexible guide wires have lesser complication rate of tissue injury as compared to stiff guide wires. Flexible guide wires are however more prone to bending and kinking due to their mechanical properties.

Extrusion of double J stent: a rare complication.

Ureteral double J stents are associated with complications such as malposition, migration, fragmentation, and "forgotten stent," and are known to migrate both proximally and distally. We present a case of a forgotten stent that had proximal migration leading to extrusion, so far an unreported complication.

Laparoscopic ureterolysis and reconstruction of a retrocaval ureter.

A 32-year-old man was investigated for repeated episodes of right-sided flank pain. Ultrasonography showed a dilated right pelvicalyceal system and upper ureter as well as multiple gallstones; subsequent intravenous urogram demonstrated a retrocaval ureter. At surgery, a right-sided double-J ureteric stent was placed under fluoroscopic guidance.

Trimethoprim versus gentamicin for the prevention of bacteriuria following transrectal biopsy of the prostate--do patients need additional anaerobic cover?

Objectives: To study the incidence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteriuria in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies of the prostate. A comparative assessment of efficacy of trimethoprim with gentamicin for the prevention of bacteriuria following the transrectal biopsy of the prostate. To assess the need for additional prophylaxis against anaerobes for patients undergoing transrectal biopsies of the prostate gland.

Does endoscopic laser ablation of the prostate stand the test of time? Five-year results from a multicentre randomized controlled trial of endoscopic laser ablation against transurethral resection of the prostate.

Objective: To determine the long-term objective and subjective outcome of patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) treated by endoscopic laser ablation of the prostate (ELAP), as part of a multicentre randomized controlled trial of ELAP against TURP.

Patients And Methods: Initially, 151 patients with BPE were randomized to undergo either ELAP or TURP, starting in March 1992. ELAP was performed using the Urolasetrade mark fibre (Bard, Covington, GA, USA) in conjunction with a Nd:YAG laser source.