Prediction of the total and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents from the chemical composition of soybean meals of different origin in broilers.

The objective of this experiment was to determine total amino acid (TAA) content, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein, and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in 9 sources of soybean meal (SBM) of different origin and to subsequently establish equations for predicting the TAA content and concentration of standardized ileal digestible amino acids (SIDAA) based on their protein content and other proximate components. Concentration of SIDAA of the samples was also predicted using TAA values. A total of 160 1-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 10 dietary treatments consisted of 9 semipurified diets containing one SBM (200 g of crude protein/kg) as the only source of dietary amino acid (AA) and one N-free diet to determine endogenous ileal AA flow.

Effect of different types and levels of fat addition and pellet binders on physical pellet quality of broiler feeds.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different types and levels of mixer-added fat (soybean oil: SO and calcium fat powder: CFP) and pellet binders (PBs: calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS) and bentonite (Ben)) on physical pellet quality (PPQ) parameters. PPQ included pellet durability index (PDI), pellet hardness, and pellet length of broiler diets processed under short-term conditioning. The first experiment had 4 treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 types (SO and CFP) and 2 levels (1.

Effects of feed form and particle size, and pellet binder on performance, digestive tract parameters, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora populations in broilers.

This study was conducted to assess the effects of feed form (FF), particle size (PS), and pellet binder (PB) on performance, digestive tract parameters, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora populations in broiler chicks. Two FF (mash and pellet), two feed PS (fine and coarse), and two levels of PB (0 and 3%) were evaluated in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 256 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were allocated into 8 treatments consisting of 8 replicates (4 birds/cage) with equal weight from 25 to 42 d of age.

Effects of Injection and Inclusion a Blend of Essential Oils and Organic Acids in High NSPs Diets of Broiler Breeders on Performance of Them and Their Offspring.

Two factorial completely randomized design trials 2×2 and 2×2×2 were conducted to evaluate the effect of a blend of essential oils and organic acids (Biacid™) in broiler breeder diets at two levels, two dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) levels and injection of Biacid™ on their progenies performance, respectively. 240 broiler breeders of Ross 308 strain were fed from the age of week 44 for 12 weeks in four groups. 120 produced eggs from each group were divided in two groups of 60 eggs for injecting by 0.

Effect of synbiotic supplementation and dietary fat sources on broiler performance, serum lipids, muscle fatty acid profile and meat quality.

A 42-d trial was conducted to investigate the effect of adding a synbiotic supplement to diets containing two different types of fat on performance, blood lipids and fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidative stability of breast and thigh meat in broilers. A total of 800 one-d-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned into 1 of 8 treatments with 4 replicates of 25 birds per treatment. The experiment consisted of a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including 4 concentrations of synbiotic (0, 0.

Bio-efficacy comparison of herbal-methionine and DL-methionine based on performance and blood parameters of broiler chickens.

This study was conducted to compare the bio-efficacy of herbal methionine (H-Met) relative to DL-methionine (DL-Met) on 160 "Ross 308" broiler chickens. DL-Met and H-Met were added to the basal diet in eight experimental treatments with three and four concentrations respectively in starter, grower and finisher period. Blood parameters which were measured at 24 and 42 days of age consisted of: serum proteins (total protein, albumin and globulin), serum uric acid, serum fats (low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, triglyceride and cholesterol) and serum enzymes (alanine amino transaminase and aspartate amino transaminase).

The effect of feeding excess arginine on lipogenic gene expression and growth performance in broilers.

1. Reducing excess fat accretion is important for both human health and animal production. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of arginine (Arg) on the regulation of lipogenic gene expression and on growth performance.

The effect of increasing feeding frequency on performance, plasma hormones and metabolites, and hepatic lipid metabolism of broiler breeder hens.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding regimens on reproductive performance, plasma hormone and metabolite levels, and hepatic lipid metabolism of Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens from 26 to 38 wk of age. Seventy-two birds were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, each replicated 4 times. Treatments were as follows: 1) once a day feeding, in which birds were fed once a day at 0615 h (control), 2) twice a day feeding, in which daily allocated feed was fed in 2 equal meals at 0615 and 1215 h, and 3) thrice a day feeding in which daily allocated feed was offered in 3 equal meals at 0615, 1215, and 1815 h.

Effects of different levels of vitamin premix in finisher diets on performance, immuno-competence and meat lipid oxidation of chickens fed on corn-soybean meal.

The present study was carried out to examine the effects of a vitamin premix (VP) reduction or withdrawal from finisher diet (29-43 days) on performance, immuno-competence, and characteristics of leg bones and meat lipid oxidation of chickens fed on corn-soybean meal based diet. A total of 900 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to five treatment groups (0, 33%, 66%, 100% and 133% VP), with nine replicates per treatment group. At 29 and 36 days of ages, four birds from each replicate were injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC).

Dietary fibers and crude protein content alleviate hepatic fat deposition and obesity in broiler breeder hens.

The effects of inclusion of cellulose or inulin as a source of dietary fiber and CP content of the diet on hepatic fat deposition were investigated in hens fed restricted or close to ad libitum consumption. There were 12 dietary treatments forming a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial with 2 feeding regimens [restricted and liberal (close to ad libitum consumption; LIB)], 3 fiber sources (control, 3% inulin, and 3% cellulose), and 2 levels of CP (14.5 and 17.

Effects of feeding regimen, fiber inclusion, and crude protein content of the diet on performance and egg quality and hatchability of eggs of broiler breeder hens.

A 12-wk experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding regimen, inclusion of a fiber source, and CP content of the diet on performance of broiler breeder hens. In total, 360 hens and 60 males, 43 wk of age, were assigned to 60 floor pens (6 hens and 1 male each). There were 12 treatments arranged factorially with 2 feeding regimens [restricted (R) and liberal feeding (close to ad libitum consumption; LIB)], 3 sources of fiber (0, 3% inulin, and 3% cellulose), and 2 levels of CP (14.

Effects of diet acidification and xylanase supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, duodenal histology and gut microflora of broilers fed wheat based diet.

1. The objective of this experiment was to study the influences of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity, duodenal histology, and gut microflora of broilers fed on a wheat based diet. 2.

Effects of wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation of the diet on productive performance, nutrient retention, and endogenous intestinal enzyme activity of laying hens.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of inclusion of a wheat cultivar (high in nonstarch polysaccharides) and xylanase supplementation of the diet on productive performance, pH of the gastrointestinal tract, nutrient retention, and intestinal enzyme activity of Hy-Line W-36 laying hens from 25 to 47 wk of age. The experiment was completely randomized with 8 treatments arranged factorially with 4 levels of wheat (0, 23, 46, and 69%) that corresponded to a dietary arabinoxylan content of 3.0, 3.

Comparison of marine algae (Spirulina platensis) and synthetic pigment in enhancing egg yolk colour of laying hens.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary marine algae (Spirulina platensis) on egg yolk colour, and compare the effectiveness of Spirulina and synthetic pigment in enhancing egg yolk colour of laying hens fed on a wheat-based diet. In total, 160 Hy-line W36 laying hens of 63 weeks of age were studied by dividing them into 5 groups, 32 birds in each. Except for the control group (based on wheat and soyabean meal), the feed for three other groups contained 1·5, 2·0 and 2·5% of Spirulina; while one group contained synthetic pigments (BASF Lucantin® yellow: 30 mg/kg, and BASF Lucantin® red: 35 mg/kg).

Chromium supplementation can alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat lipid oxidation of broiler chicks without any adverse impacts on blood constituents.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with Cr nicotinate and Cr chloride and their optimum inclusion rate on performance, carcass traits, meat oxidative stability, serum metabolites, hematological parameters, and liver chromium concentration in heat-stressed broilers. A total number of 420, 1-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to seven treatments with four replicates of 15 chicks. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 500, 1,000, and 1,500 μg/kg Cr in the form of Cr nicotinate and Cr chloride.

Effects of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient retention, and characteristics of gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed low-phosphorus wheat-based diets.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient retention, jejunal viscosity, and size and pH of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed a low-P wheat-based diet. The experiment was conducted as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of xylanase (0 and 200 mg/kg) and 3 levels of citric acid (0, 20, and 40 g/kg). Each of the 6 dietary treatments was fed to 4 replicate pens (17 birds/pen) from 0 to 24 d of age.

Efficacy of combined or single use of Lactobacillus crispatus LT116 and L. johnsonii LT171 on broiler performance.

1. The objective of this research was to investigate the efficacy of combined or single use of Lactobacillus crispatus LT116 and Lactobacillus johnsonii LT171 on broiler performance. 2.

A twice-a-day feeding regimen optimizes performance in broiler breeder hens.

To evaluate the effects of different methods of feed allocation on performance, plasma hormone concentration, and ovarian morphology, an experiment was conducted using 32 Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens. The experiment was started at 27 wk and lasted to 39 wk of age. Feeding regimens included: i) hens with an ad libitum feeding program, ii) hens that received their restricted feed once a day, iii) hens that received their restricted feed twice a day, and iv) hens that received their restricted feed 3 times a day.

Effects of reduced calcium and phosphorous diets supplemented with phytase on laying performance of hens.

The aim of this experiment was to examine the potential for reduced environmental impact by reducing dietary calcium and phosphorus content and phytase addition of laying hen diets. A randomized complete block design with a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement of 8 dietary treatments: 2 levels ofphytase (0 and 300 FTU kg(-1)) and 2 mineral levels (Ca: 34/18 and NPP: 3.2/2.

Screening of lactic acid bacteria toward their selection as a source of chicken probiotic.

In this study, 332 lactic acid bacteria of broiler gut origin were investigated as putative probiotic candidates. Sixty-two bacteria showed the highest aggregation while showing antibacterial effects against Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O78:K80. Enzymatic activities of the selected bacteria were examined.

Impact of dietary crude protein and amino acids status on performance and some excreta characteristics of broiler chicks during 10-28 days of age.

A study was conducted in a completely randomised design to evaluate the effects of providing almost all important essential amino acids (EAA) in low-crude protein (CP) diets equal to that of higher CP diets in broiler chickens. Also the effects of additional mixture of glycine (Gly) and glutamic acid (Glu) or supplementation of excess EAA to low-CP diets on the live performance and excreta characteristics including pH, moisture, nitrogen, uric acid and ammonia concentration were measured to ascertain the optimum CP concentration for the maximum performance and reduced excreta ammonia concentration. Male, broiler chickens growing from 10 to 28 days of age were fed eight experimental diets.

Effect of energy levels of diets formulated on total and digestible amino acid basis on performance of female broiler.

In order to evaluate the effects of different levels of energy and method for formulation of Amino Acid (AA) requirements of diets, this experiment was conducted using 294 female broiler chicks. The experiment was carried out using a complete block design with a 7x2 factorial arrangement. Factors were included different levels of energy (7 energy levels) and formulation methods of diets AA requirements (total and digestible).

Effects of fortifying low crude protein diet with crystalline amino acids on performance, blood ammonia level, and excreta characteristics of broiler chicks.

A study was conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance, excreta characteristics, and some blood nitrogen metabolite concentrations of 28-d-old male broilers fed 4 experimental diets in which CP was decreased in a stepwise manner from 23 to 17%. The other 4 diets were formulated to have 19 and 17% CP, in which 2 of them contained an additional 10% of particular essential amino acids (EAA) and 2 were supplemented with Gly and Glu. Ileal digestible quantities of all EAA were almost equal in the diets, and total amount of each EAA was maintained at or above NRC requirements.

Comparison of four induced molting methods based on subsequent performance and welfare of Single Comb White Leghorn hens.

A total of 400 Single Comb White Leghorn hens at 80 weeks of age were used in present study. Four treatment groups that were consisted of six replications with 10 hens per each replication were considered. In the first treatment, food and water were removed for the first 2, 4, 6 and 8 days.

Determination of the best level of dietary energy with two diet formulation methods based on total and digestible amino acid on broiler diet.

In order to evaluate the effects of different levels of energy and methods of formulation of Amino Acid (AA) requirements of diets, this experiment was conducted using 392 broiler chicks. The experiment was carried out using a complete randomize block design with 7 levels of energy 3175, 3075, 2975, 2875, 2775, 2675 and 2575 kcal kg(-1) for grower diet and 3225, 3125, 3025, 2925, 2825, 2725 and 2625 kcal kg(-1) for finisher diet and two methods of formulation of diets AA requirements (total and digestible) as a factorial arrangement. Results showed that by increasing level of energy feed intake, body weight and FCR were promoted in grower diet (p<0.