Development of Simple and Advanced Adult Proximal Tibia Simulators for a Decentralized Simulation-Based Education Model to Teach Paramedics-in-Training the Intraosseous Infusion Procedure.

Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health had advised practicing social distancing which led to the temporary shutdown of simulation laboratories or centralized simulation-based education model, shared spaces that healthcare workers such as paramedics use to train on important hands-on clinical skills for the job. One such skill is intraosseous (IO) access and infusion, the delivery of fluids and medication through the marrow or medullary cavity of the bone which provides fast and direct entry into the central venous system. This skill is critical in emergencies when peripheral access is not immediately available.