Genotyping amitraz resistance profiles in Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from Punjab, India.

Acaricide resistance is one of the greatest threats to sustainable and effective control of vector ticks worldwide. The amitraz resistance status in cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus populations collected from 18 districts of Punjab in north-western India were characterized using bioassay and molecular assays. The modified larval packet test was used and the resistance factors (RF) against amitraz for the field populations were in the range of 0.

Evaluation of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technique for the Rapid Visual Detection of Hepatozoon canis Infection.

Background: Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatozoon canis infection is tedious, especially in chronic and/or latent infections.

Purpose: The study was planned to develop a simple read out loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting a partial 18S rRNA gene of H. canis with naked eye visualisation of LAMP products.

In vitro assessment of synergistic combinations of essential oils against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), is one of the most important ectoparasite of cattle, responsible for causing severe economic losses in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The development of resistance to most of the commonly used chemical acaricides has stimulated the search for new herbal products as an eco-friendly tick control alternative. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro acaricidal activity of essential oils (EOs) of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), bark of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and leaves of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) against unfed larvae of R.

Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs.

The laboratory diagnosis of canine hepatozoonosis, caused by Hepatozoon canis is tedious, especially in chronic and latent infections. In the present investigation, a loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and standardized targeting the partial 18S rRNA gene (GenBank accession no. KU096058).

Discrimination, molecular characterisation and phylogenetic comparison of porcine Eimeria spp. in India.

Infections with Eimeria spp. are common in pigs worldwide, occasionally affecting animals clinically after weaning or during the fattening period when diarrhoea and weight loss can be observed upon infection with the more pathogenic species. Molecular characterization of pathogens is valuable to accurately delimit species and development novel diagnostics, although sequences which define Eimeria species that infect pigs are scarce.

Effect of synergists on ivermectin resistance in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from Punjab districts, India.

The status of ivermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from various districts of the Punjab state, India was determined using larval immersion test (LIT). Regression graphs of probit mortality of larval ticks of various field isolates were plotted against log values of increasing concentrations of technical grade ivermectin for determination of slopes of mortality, lethal concentrations for 50% (LC) and resistance factors (RF). Values for the coefficient of determination (R) in LIT assay ranged from 0.

Molecular prevalence, risk factors assessment and haemato-biochemical alterations in hepatozoonosis in dogs from Punjab, India.

Hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon canis is an important tick-borne disease of dogs in tropical and sub-tropical regions throughout the world. In the present study evaluation of blood samples collected from 225 dogs presented at Small Animal Clinics, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab (India) was done for the presence of H. canis by PCR based assay targeting a portion of 18S rRNA gene.

Multiple mutations in the acetylcholinesterase 3 gene associated with organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Punjab, India.

The organophosphate (OP) resistance status in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks collected from seventeen districts located in the northwestern Indian state, Punjab were characterized using three data sets (bioassay, biochemical and molecular assays). Adult immersion test (AIT) was adopted and the resistance factors (RF) for the field isolates were determined. Resistance to malathion was detected in 12 isolates among which 11 showed level I resistance status while level II status was recorded in one isolate (RF of 5.

First report of ivermectin resistance in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Punjab districts of India.

The larval immersion test (LIT) was used on the progenies of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from four districts of the Punjab state, India to test the resistance to ivermectin. The regression graphs of probit mortality of larval ticks plotted against log values of increasing concentrations of ivermectin were utilized for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50%(LC50), 95%(LC95), resistance ratios (RR50, RR95) and the resistance levels (RL). Values of the coefficient of determination (R(2)) for LIT ranged from 0.

Esterase mediated resistance against synthetic pyrethroids in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Punjab districts of India.

Detection of resistance levels against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids (SP), in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from thirteen districts of Punjab (India) was carried out using adult immersion test. The regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of concentrations of drugs were utilized for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (LC50), 95% (LC95) and resistance factor (RF). On the basis of the data generated on variables (mortality, egg mass weight, reproductive index and percentage inhibition of oviposition) the resistance levels were categorized.

A comparative study on cypermethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum from Punjab (India).

A study to evaluate cypermethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum collected from Muktsar and Mansa districts of Punjab state, India, was conducted by using adult immersion test (AIT). The regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of concentrations of cypermethrin was utilized for the determination of slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (LC50), and the resistance factor (RF). On the basis of the data generated on variables (mortality, egg mass weight, reproductive index, and percentage inhibition of oviposition), the resistance levels were categorized.

Epidemiology of ixodid ticks in cattle population of various agro-climatic zones of Punjab, India.

Objective: To determine the epidemiology of ixodid ticks in bovines of different agro-climatic zones of Punjab state, India.

Methods: A total of 4 459 cattle of all age groups and sex were examined from eighteen districts of five major agro-climatic zones of Punjab state, India.

Results: The overall prevalence of ixodid ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus (R.

Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale infection in carrier cattle.

Anaplasma marginale infections are responsible for widespread morbidity and mortality particularly in crossbred and exotic breeds of cattle in the tropics and subtropics. In the present study, a semi-nested PCR assay was utilized for the detection of A. marginale infection in carrier cattle from different areas of Punjab state, India.