Case report: change of dominant strain during dual SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background: The dual infection with SARS-CoV-2 is poorly described and is currently under discussion. We present a study of two strains of SARS-CoV-2 detected in the same patient during the same disease presentation.

Case Presentation: A patient in their 90 s was hospitalised with fever.

[Prevalence of human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae; Human papillomavirus) of high carcinogenic risk based on the results of screening of three anatomical loci in men stratified by sexual behavior and HIV status].

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) of high carcinogenic risk (HCR), in addition to being the etiological agent of cervical cancer, also contribute to development of cancer of the anus, vagina, penis, vulva and oropharyngeal cancer. In this connection, further study of the biological properties of this agent and its prevalence in different populations is an urgent task.The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of HCR HPV in three anatomical loci in men stratified by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection status (negative, HIV+/positive/HIV-) as well as by sexual behavior: men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexual men (HM).

[Herpesvirus infections and immunological disturbances in patients with different stages of Alzheimer's disease].

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease that leads to a progressive memory loss, visualspatial impairments, emotional and personality changes. As its earliest pre-dementia clinical stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment syndrome (aMCI) is currently considered. Neuroinflammation plays a role in the development and progression of aMCI and the initial stage of AD, which can be supported by immunological disorders of a systemic character.

[Infective Endocarditis with Unknown Etiology: Possibilities of Conquering and Role of Microbiologistics].

Current infectious endocarditis (IE) is characterized by changes in its etiological and epidemiological profiles associated with increased incidence of IE of undetermined etiology. This requires a search for ways to enhance the effectivity of diagnosis. Microbiologistics along with high-tech methods becomes decisively important for identifying the pathogen by studying cultures of blood and tissues from the affected heart valve.

[Patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic spread in a megacity].

Unlabelled: The purpose of the study is to analyze patterns demonstrated by the COVID-19 epidemic process in a megacity during the increase, stabilization and reduction in the incidence, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the epidemic prevention measures.

Materials And Methods: The comprehensive study incorporating epidemiological, molecular genetic and  statistical research methods was conducted to analyze the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Moscow during the COVID- 19 pandemic.

Results And Discussion: It was found that the exponential growth in COVID-19 cases was prevented due to the most stringent control and restrictive measures deployed in Moscow to break the chains of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and due to people who were very disciplined in complying with the self-isolation rules.

[Analysis of human coronaviruses circulation].

Introduction: The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which emerged at the end of 2019 and caused a worldwide pandemic, triggered numerous questions about the epidemiology of the novel COVID-19 disease and  about wellknown coronavirus infections, which used to be given little attention due to their mild symptoms.

The Purpose: The routine screening-based multiyear retrospective observational study of prevalence and circulation patterns of epidemic-prone human coronaviruses in Moscow.

Material And Methods: The real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect RNA of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in nasal and throat swabs from 16,511 patients with an acute respiratory infection (ARI), aged 1 month to 95 years (children accounted for 58.

[Infective endocarditis: Importance of molecular biological techniques in etiological diagnosis].

Aim: To investigate the specific features of conventional bacteriological methods and current molecular biological techniques for the etiological diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE).

Subjects And Methods: Examinations were made in 53 patients treated at City Clinical Hospital Sixty-Four, Moscow Healthcare Department, in 2012-2015 who underwent simultaneous bacteriological and molecular biological (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR with further sequencing) examinations of blood or resected cardiac valve tissues.

Results: The investigation included 53 patients (31 men; median age, 62 years) with IE (Duke 2009); its primary form was observed in 32 (60.

[CONTEMPORARY MOLECULAR-GENETIC METHODS USED FOR ETIOLOGIC DIAGNOSTICS OF SEPSIS].

Etiologic diagnostics of sepsis is one of the most difficult problems of contemporary medicine due to a wide variety of sepsis causative agents, many of which are components of normal human microflora. Disadvantages of contemporary "golden standard" of microbiologic diagnostics of sepsis etiology by seeding of blood for sterility are duration of cultivation, limitation in detection of non-cultivable forms of microorganisms, significant effect of preliminary empiric antibiotics therapy on results of the analysis. Methods of molecular diagnostics that are being actively developed and integrated during the last decade are deprived of these disadvantages.

Detection of respiratory pathogens in pediatric acute otitis media by PCR and comparison of findings in the middle ear and nasopharynx.

We conducted a series of polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) in order to detect bacteria (7 species) and viruses (17 species) in middle ear fluid (MEF) and nasopharynx (Nph) of children with acute otitis media (AOM; n=179). Bacterial and viral nucleic acids were detected in MEF of 78.8% and 14.

[The validation of kit of reagents for quantitative detection of DNA of human cytomegalovirus in biological material using polymerase chain reaction technique in real time operation mode].

The validation of kit of reagents destined to detection and quantitative evaluation of DNA of human cytomegalovirus in biological material using polymerase chain reaction technique in real time operation mode was implemented. The comparison was made against international WHO standard--The first WHO international standard for human cytomegalovirus to implement measures the kit of reagents "AmpliSens CMV-screen/monitor-FL" and standard sample of enterprise DNA HCMV (The central research institute of epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor) was applied. The fivefold dilution of international WHO standard and standard sample of enterprise were carried out in concentrations of DNA HCMV from 106 to 102.

Utility of microscopic techniques and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of vaginal microflora alterations.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of Nugent score, wet mount microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test developed in Russia for bacterial vaginosis (BV) diagnosis.

Materials And Methods: One hundred Caucasian women were enrolled in this study. Three vaginal samples were taken from each participant: 1 for PCR analysis, 1 for Nugent score evaluation, and 1 for wet mount microscopy.

[The development and testing of reagents kit for detection and qualitative evaluation of DNA of methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and also methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. applying technique of polymerase chain reaction in "real time" mode].

The reagents kit is developed to identify and quantitatively detect DNA of methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. in biological material using technique of polymerase chain reaction with hybridizational fluorescent detection and having higher analytical and diagnostic characteristics. The application of the given reagents kit makes it possible to optimize the epidemiologic monitoring of propagation of methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus spp.

[The identification of viruses of human papilloma of high carcinogenic risk and evaluation of physical status of viral DNA using technique of polymerase-chain reaction under affection of cervical epithelium].

The DNA of virus of human papilloma of high carcinogenic risk was detected in 116 cervical samples. At that, the morphological symptoms of background processes are detected in 19 samples, CIN 1 in 9, CIN 2 in 23, CIN 3 in 54 (and out of them carcinoma in situ in 13), epidermoid cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) in 11 cases. The viral load of human papilloma of high carcinogenic risk in all samples of DNA exceeded threshold of clinical value (3 lg copies of DNA of human papilloma/105 cells).

Human papillomavirus prevalence and type-distribution, cervical cancer screening practices and current status of vaccination implementation in Russian Federation, the Western countries of the former Soviet Union, Caucasus region and Central Asia.

Limited data are available on the burden of human papillomavirus (HPV) and its associated diseases in the Russian Federation, the Western Countries of the former Soviet Union (Belarus, Republic of Moldova, Ukraine), the Caucasus region and Central Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan). Both the incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer are higher in these countries than in most Western European countries. In this article, we review available data on HPV prevalence and type distribution in women with normal cytology, women from the general population, cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer, as well as data on national policies of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination initiatives in these countries.

[Use of immunological and molecular biological methods to diagnose cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV infection].

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is one of the leading causes of neurologic diseases with high mortality rates in patients with HIV infection. Invasion was difficult to diagnose for a number of objective reasons. The objective of the investigation was to determine the clinical sensitivity of different laboratory techniques as both a single study and their various combinations to verify the diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients.

[Cytomegalovirus infection in infants with perinatal damage of the central nervous system].

Ninety children, aged from 7 days to 12 months, with perinatal damage of the central nervous system (CNS) were virologically tested. The persistence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in the blood, urine and oropharyngeal swabs was identified in 18.9% of children.

[Detection of rubella virus RNA in clinical material by real time polymerase chain reaction method].

Aim: Development of a reagent kit for detection of rubella virus RNA in clinical material by PCR-RT.

Materials And Methods: During development and determination of analytical specificity and sensitivity DNA and RNA of 33 different microorganisms including 4 rubella strains were used. Comparison of analytical sensitivity of virological and molecular-biological methods was performed by using rubella virus strains Wistar RA 27/3, M-33, "Orlov", Judith.

Cellular expression of INK4a gene in cells of bladder cancer associated with human papilloma virus-16.

Hyperexpression of p16(INK4a) protein is an early marker of cervical cancer. Hyperexpression of INK4a gene encoding this protein at the level of mRNA and p16(INK4a) was detected in tumor cells of some patients with bladder cancer associated with human papilloma virus-16. However, in contrast to cervical cancer, this phenomenon in urothelial carcinomas does not correlate with expression of human papilloma virus-16 oncogenes E6 and E7.

[Are human papillomaviruses responsible for the occurrence of bladder cancer].

A female patient with recurrent bladder cancer underwent complex examination. The primary tumor removed in 2004 showed human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 DNA, mRNA corresponding to HPV16 oncogene E7, as well as HPV16 protein E7. The patient is a smoker who has been working at a chemical factory for over 20 years.

Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus types and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in women over 30 years of age in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Background: Cytology-based screening has significantly decreased incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer. High sensitivity of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) test for the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) makes it a useful screening tool, especially in settings where cytology is not available or not quality assured. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of hrHPV and associated cervical lesions in Russian women over 30 years of age and to assess usefulness of HPV test for cervical screening in Russia.

[Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus and prognosis of cervical carcinoma].

Real-time polymerase chain reaction procedure was used to evaluate bioptic tumor samples from patients suffering cervical carcinoma (CC) stages I-IV. Out of 110 patients, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was identified in 98 (89.1%), HPV type 16--63, HPV type 18--10 and HPV type 45--5.

[The pattern of central nervous system lesions in HIV-infected patients of the specialized unit in infectious disease hospital].

Aim: To define the incidence and features of brain lesion (BL) in HIV-infected inpatients.

Subjects And Methods: Four hundred and fifty-eight patients with Stage 4B HIV infection (AIDS) and central nervous system (CNS) lesion admitted to Infectious Diseases Hospital Two, Moscow, were followed up in 2003-2009. The authors used cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) microscopic and bacteriological assays for DNA of T.

[Detection of oncoprotein E7 HPV16 in the cancer and normal urinary bladder urothelium].

Oncoprotein E7 HPV16 was detected by immunohistochemical staining with specific polyclonal antiserum [Fiedler et al., 2004] in 7 out of the 24 (29.2%) studied bladder cancer specimens.

[Cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients].

Aim: To detect clinical characteristics of cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients, to clarify diagnostic role of detection of DNA and antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood.

Material And Methods: Diagnostic procedures were performed in 156 patients with HIV infection at the stage IVB (AIDS) in 2003-2006. All the patients suffered from diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).

[Development and evaluation of the kit for detection of SARS-associated Coronavirus RNA].

Aim: To develop a diagnostic kit for detection of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-related coronavirus RNA based on reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction and to estimate its specificity and sensitivity.

Material And Methods: 68 virus and bacterial cultures, 240 clinical samples from people without SARS symptoms and also 22 RNA samples from patients with SARS symptoms received during the epidemic in Beijing were used.

Results: The specificity of the kit was determined using animal coronaviruses and other bacterial and viral strains, causing acute respiratory and intestinal infections, and was shown to be 100%.