Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis from Ontario swine.

Susceptibility results for Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis isolated from swine clinical samples were obtained from January 1998 to October 2010 from the Animal Health Laboratory at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, and used to describe variation in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to 4 drugs of importance in the Ontario swine industry: ampicillin, tetracycline, tiamulin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Four temporal data-analysis options were used: visualization of trends in 12-month rolling averages, logistic-regression modeling, temporal-scan statistics, and a scan with the "What's strange about recent events?" (WSARE) algorithm. The AMR trends varied among the antimicrobial drugs for a single pathogen and between pathogens for a single antimicrobial, suggesting that pathogen-specific AMR surveillance may be preferable to indicator data.

Does variation among provincial drug formulary antimicrobial listings in Canada influence prescribing rates?

Background: The financial accessibility of antimicrobial drugs to the outpatient community in Canada is governed at the provincial level through formularies. Each province may choose to list particular drugs or impose restriction criteria on products in order to guide prescribing and/or curtail costs. Although changes to formularies have been shown to change patterns in the use of individual products and alter costs, no comparison has been made among the provincial antimicrobial formularies with regards to flexibility/stringency, or an assessment of how these formularies impact overall antimicrobial use in the provinces.

Longitudinal surveillance of outpatient tetracycline, sulfonamide-trimethoprim and 'other' antimicrobial use in Canada, 1995 to 2010.

Introduction: Monitoring the volume and patterns of use of antimicrobial agents is important in light of antimicrobial resistance.

Objective: To assess the use of three antimicrobial groups - tetracycline, sulfonamide-trimethoprim and 'other' antimicrobials - within Canadian provinces over time.

Methods: Prescription counts from 1995 to 2010 were acquired for the tetracycline and sulfonamide-trimethoprim groups of antimicrobials, and from 2001 to 2010 for the 'other' antimicrobial group.

Longitudinal surveillance of outpatient β-lactam antimicrobial use in Canada, 1995 to 2010.

Introduction: β-lactam antimicrobials are the most commonly prescribed group of antimicrobials in Canada, and are categorized by the WHO as critically and highly important antimicrobials for human medicine. Because antimicrobial use is commonly associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance, monitoring the volume and patterns of use of these agents is highly important.

Objective: To assess the use of penicillin and cephalosporin antimicrobials within Canadian provinces over the 1995 to 2010 time frame according to two metrics: prescriptions per 1000 inhabitant-days and the average defined daily doses dispensed per prescription.

Provincial and temporal variation in macrolide and lincosamide antimicrobial use by outpatients in Canada, 1995 to 2010.

Introduction: Because antimicrobial use is commonly associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance, monitoring the volume and patterns of use of these agents is very important.

Objective: To assess the use of macrolide and lincosamide (ML) antimicrobials within Canadian provinces over time, and to compare use rates with those reported by European countries.

Methods: ANTIMICROBIAL PRESCRIBING DATA WERE USED TO DEVELOP TWO YEARLY METRICS: prescriptions per 1000 inhabitant-days (PrIDs) and the mean defined daily doses (DDDs) per prescription, which were then used to build linear mixed models to assess differences among provinces over time.

Longitudinal surveillance of outpatient quinolone antimicrobial use in Canada.

Introduction: Because antimicrobial use is commonly associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance, monitoring the volume and patterns of use of these agents is important.

Objective: To assess the use of quinolone antimicrobials within Canadian provinces over time.

Methods: ANTIMICROBIAL PRESCRIBING DATA COLLECTED BY IMS HEALTH CANADA WERE ACQUIRED FROM THE CANADIAN INTEGRATED PROGRAM FOR ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE SURVEILLANCE AND THE CANADIAN COMMITTEE FOR ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE, AND WERE USED TO CALCULATE TWO YEARLY METRICS: prescriptions per 1000 inhabitant-days and the mean defined daily doses (DDDs) per prescription.

Variation in outpatient oral antimicrobial use patterns among Canadian provinces, 2000 to 2010.

Background: The volume and patterns of antimicrobial drug use are key variables to consider when developing guidelines for prescribing, and programs to address stewardship and combat the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. Because drug programs are regulated at the provincial level, there is an expectation that antibiotic use may vary among provinces.

Objective: To assess these potential differences according to province and time.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli F4, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis isolates from a diagnostic veterinary laboratory and recommendations for a surveillance system.

Antimicrobial susceptibility data on Escherichia coli F4, Pasteurella multocida, and Streptococcus suis isolates from Ontario swine (January 1998 to October 2010) were acquired from a comprehensive diagnostic veterinary laboratory in Ontario, Canada. In relation to the possible development of a surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance, data were assessed for ease of management, completeness, consistency, and applicability for temporal and spatial statistical analyses. Limited farm location data precluded spatial analyses and missing demographic data limited their use as predictors within multivariable statistical models.

Multiple-class antimicrobial resistance surveillance in swine Escherichia coli F4, Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis isolates from Ontario and the impact of the 2004-2006 Porcine Circovirus type-2 Associated Disease outbreak.

The objective of this work was to describe trends in multiple-class antimicrobial resistance present in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli F4, Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus suis from Ontario swine 1998-2010. Temporal changes in multiple-class resistance varied by the pathogens examined; significant yearly changes were apparent for the E. coli and P.

Describing antimicrobial use and reported treatment efficacy in Ontario swine using the Ontario Swine Veterinary-based Surveillance program.

Background: The objective of this work was to retrospectively assess records received through the Ontario Swine Veterinary-based Surveillance program July 2007 - July 2009 to describe and assess relationships between reported treatment failure, antimicrobial use, diagnosis and body system affected.

Results: Antimicrobial use occurred in 676 records, 80.4% of all records recording treatment (840).

Declines in outpatient antimicrobial use in Canada (1995-2010).

Background: With rising reports of antimicrobial resistance in outpatient communities, surveillance of antimicrobial use is imperative for supporting stewardship programs. The primary objective of this article is to assess the levels of antimicrobial use in Canada over time.

Methods: Canadian antimicrobial use data from 1995 to 2010 were acquired and assessed by four metrics: population-adjusted prescriptions, Defined Daily Doses, spending on antimicrobials (inflation-adjusted), and average Defined Daily Doses per prescription.