Fast hydropyrolysis of biomass Conversion: A comparative review.

Recent studies show that fast hydropyrolysis (i.e., pyrolysis under hydrogen atmosphere operating at a rapid heating rate) is a promising technology for the conversion of biomass into liquid fuels (e.

Pith-specific lignification in Nicotiana attenuata as a defense against a stem-boring herbivore.

Plants have developed tissue-specific defense strategies in response to various herbivores with different feeding habits. Although defense responses to leaf-chewing insects have been well studied, little is known about stem-specific responses, particularly in the pith, to stem-boring herbivores. To understand the stem-specific defense, we first conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata before and after attack by the leaf-chewing herbivore Manduca sexta and the stem borer Trichobaris mucorea.

Overview of biochar production from preservative-treated wood with detailed analysis of biochar characteristics, heavy metals behaviors, and their ecotoxicity.

Concerns over the disposal of preservative-treated wood waste and its related environmental problems are the main driving forces of research into the recycling of preservative-treated wood. Preservative-treated wood waste composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin with several types of heavy metals can be recycled in various ways, such as wood-based composites, heavy metal extraction, energy recovery, etc. In particular, thermochemical conversion has attracted considerable attention recently because energy can be recovered from biomass as liquid fuel and bio-oil, as well as produce bio-char with a high carbon content, which can be applied to valuable products, such as soil amendment, adsorbents, solid fuels, and catalyst supports.

Pretreatment of bio-oil with ion exchange resin to improve fuel quality and reduce char during hydrodeoxygenation upgrading with Pt/C.

To obtain high-quality biofuel, bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis of woody biomass was pretreated with ion exchange resin (amberlyst 36) at 50°C, 100°C, and 150°C, and then the recovered liquid product was upgraded using hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) with Pt/C at 300°C. After the two-stage upgrading, 4 types of products (gas, light oil, heavy oil, and char) were obtained. Two-immiscible liquid products were consisted of organic heavy oil, derived from bio-oil, and aqueous light oil, based on the ethanol.

Safety and Tolerability of the Dual 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Dutasteride in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia.

Background: After the approval of dutastride for androgenic alopecia (AGA) in 2009, Korean authority required a post-marketing surveillance to obtain further data on its safety profile.

Objective: The objective was to monitor adverse events (AEs) of dutasteride 0.5 mg in Korean AGA male patients in a clinical practice environment.

Investigation of chemical modifications of micro- and macromolecules in bio-oil during hydrodeoxygenation with Pd/C catalyst in supercritical ethanol.

Miscanthus bio-oil was subjected to hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) with Pd/C at different temperatures (250, 300 and 350°C) and times (30, 45 and 60 min) to investigate the chemical modification of micro- and macromolecules in bio-oil. Four main products - char, gas and two immiscible oils (light and heavy oil) - were obtained from the HDO reaction. Yields of heavy oil as a targeting product of HDO varied from 60% to 13%, whereas those of gas and char were ranged from 7% to 36% and 6% to 17%, respectively.

Investigation of structural modification and thermal characteristics of lignin after heat treatment.

Milled wood lignin was subjected to heat treatment between 150 and 300°C to understand the pattern of its structural modification and thermal properties. When the temperature was elevated with interval of 50°C, the color of the lignin became dark brown and the lignin released various forms of phenols from terminal phenolic groups in the lignin, leading to two physical phenomena: (1) gradual weight loss of the lignin, up to 19% based on dry weight and (2) increase in the carbon content and decrease in the oxygen content. Nitrobenzene oxidation and (13)C NMR analyses confirmed a cleavage of β-O-4 linkage (depolymerization) and reduction of methoxyl as well as phenolic hydroxyl group were also characteristic in the lignin structure during heat treatment.

Fast pyrolysis of potassium impregnated poplar wood and characterization of its influence on the formation as well as properties of pyrolytic products.

TGA results indicated that the maximum decomposition temperature of the biomass decreased from 373.9 to 359.0°C with increasing potassium concentration.

Effects of various reaction parameters on solvolytical depolymerization of lignin in sub- and supercritical ethanol.

Organosolv lignin was treated with ethanol at sub/supercritical temperatures (200, 275, and 350 °C) for conversion to low molecular phenols under different reaction times (20, 40, and 60 min), solvent-to-lignin ratios (50, 100, and 150 mL g(-1)), and initial hydrogen gas pressures (2 and 3 MPa). Essential lignin-degraded products, oil (liquid), char (solid), and gas were obtained, and their yields were directly influenced by reaction conditions. In particular, concurrent reactions involving depolymerization and recondensation as well as further (secondary) decomposition were significantly accelerated with increasing temperature, leading to both lignin-derived phenols in the oil fraction and undesirable products (char and gas).