Generate Electricity through Flavin Mononucleotide-Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer to Upregulate Epithelial Type I Collagen Expression and Thereby Promote Microbial Adhesion to Intestine.

The mechanism behind how flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-producing bacteria attach to a host intestine remains unclear. In order to address this issue, this study isolated the Gram-positive bacteria from Mongolian fermented Airag, named . MA.

Electricity-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis counteracts Cutibacterium acnes.

Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) ATCC 12228 was incubated with 2% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 Laurate to yield electricity which was measured by a voltage difference between electrodes. Production of electron was validated by a Ferrozine assay.

PEG-8 Laurate Fermentation of Reduces the Required Dose of Clindamycin Against .

The probiotic activity of skin () bacteria can elicit diverse biological functions via the fermentation of various carbon sources. Here, we found that polyethylene glycol (PEG)-8 Laurate, a carbon-rich molecule, can selectively induce the fermentation of , not (), a bacterium associated with acne vulgaris. The PEG-8 Laurate fermentation of remarkably diminished the growth of and the -induced production of pro-inflammatory macrophage-inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) cytokines in mice.

A Microtube Array Membrane (MTAM) Encapsulated Live Fermenting Staphylococcus epidermidis as a Skin Probiotic Patch against Cutibacterium acnes.

Antibiotics without selectivity for acne treatment may destroy the beneficial microbes in the human microbiome that helps to fight Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a bacterium associated with inflammatory acne vulgaris. Probiotic treatment by direct application of live () onto the open acne lesions may run the risk of bloodstream infections.

The mPEG-PCL Copolymer for Selective Fermentation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Against Candida parapsilosis in the Human Microbiome.

Many human skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis, potentially occur due to the over-growth of fungi. It remains a challenge to develop fungicides with a lower risk of generating resistant fungi and non-specifically killing commensal microbes. Our probiotic approaches using a selective fermentation initiator of skin commensal bacteria, fermentation metabolites or their derivatives provide novel therapeutics to rein in the over-growth of fungi.

A Precision Microbiome Approach Using Sucrose for Selective Augmentation of Staphylococcus epidermidis Fermentation against Propionibacterium acnes.

Acne dysbiosis happens when there is a microbial imbalance of the over-growth of s () in the acne microbiome. In our previous study, we demonstrated that (, a probiotic skin bacterium) can exploit glycerol fermentation to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which have antimicrobial activities to suppress the growth of . Unlike glycerol, sucrose is chosen here as a selective fermentation initiator (SFI) that can specifically intensify the fermentation activity of , but not .