Combined brain-derived neurotrophic factor with extinction training alleviate impaired fear extinction in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Impaired fear memory extinction (Ext) is one of the hallmark symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, since the precise mechanism of impaired Ext remains unknown, effective interventions have not yet been established. Recently, hippocampal-prefrontal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activity was shown to be crucial for Ext in naïve rats.

First- and second-line pharmacological treatment for delirium in general hospital setting-Retrospective analysis.

Aim: We examined the first- and second-line pharmacological treatment for delirium to determine which drugs were chosen, how and when second-line drugs were started, and the effectiveness and tolerability of those treatments.

Methods: A retrospective medical chart review was performed for delirium inpatients referred to the Department of Psychiatry, Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, from October 2011 to September 2012. Clinical diagnoses were based on ICD-10.