Tumour necrosis factor-α induces C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 production in canine keratinocytes.

Background: C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)5 induces skin inflammation in healthy dogs. In addition, CCL5 is overexpressed in the skin of experimental models of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α has been shown to be upregulated in cAD.

Case report of a child who may have developed anaphylaxis after ingesting raw horse meat by cross-reactivity of horse and cat pelt.

Pork-cat syndrome can occur in children younger than 10 years. A history of contact with animals since infancy and history of severe atopic dermatitis, which can promote epicutaneous sensitization to animal serum albumin, may be helpful in diagnosis.

Expression of genes encoding interleukin 15 and its receptor subunits in the duodenal and colonic mucosae of dogs with chronic enteropathy.

A pro-inflammatory role of interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-15 receptor (R) in chronic intestinal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease, has been reported in humans. However, the contribution of IL-15 signaling in the pathogenesis of canine chronic enteropathy (CE) remains unclear. Therefore, as a first step in elucidating the importance of IL-15 signaling in canine CE, we measured the mRNA expression of and subunits, including , and , in the duodenal and colonic mucosae of healthy dogs and those with CE, including food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), antibiotic-responsive enteropathy (ARE), and immunosuppressant-responsive enteropathy (IRE).

Clinical characteristics of dogs presenting with vomiting as a gastrointestinal sign of chronic enteropathy.

Vomiting is a major gastrointestinal (GI) sign of chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs. Previous studies have reported clinical characteristics of dogs with CE, who developed diarrhea with or without vomiting as GI signs. However, to characterize clinical features of dogs with CE appropriately, dogs presenting with vomiting without diarrhea should be included in the analysis.

Vaccine-induced anaphylaxis in a child with cow's milk allergy: Lactose hydrate was the culprit.

Lactose hydrate was the cause of vaccine-induced anaphylaxis in a child with severe milk allergy. Although the amount of milk protein in lactose-containing vaccines is extremely small, physicians administering such a vaccine must be prepared for the potential risk of severe milk allergy.

Key factors for overcoming psychological insulin resistance: A qualitative study in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes.

Aims: We report the key factors that motivate reluctant Japanese people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to initiate insulin treatment.

Methods: Participants were asked questions pertaining to 2 primary areas of exploration in a concurrent mixed methods approach: (a) understanding people's thoughts and perceptions before and after insulin initiation and any related factors; and (b) exploring the reasons behind people's responses. Data were analyzed using Steps for Coding and Theorization.

Treatment satisfaction, safety, and effectiveness of biosimilar insulin glargine is comparable in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after switching from insulin glargine or insulin degludec: a post-marketing safety study.

Objective: To evaluate insulin treatment satisfaction, safety, and effectiveness of biosimilar insulin glargine (GLY) in real-world clinical practice for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who switched from originator insulin glargine (100 U/mL) or insulin degludec treatment to GLY treatment.

Methods: The Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (ITSQ) was used to assess treatment satisfaction in a subgroup analysis of a post-marketing safety study. Hypoglycemia incidence rates and blood glucose control are also reported during the 12-month observation period for GLY-switched patients.

Long-term safety and effectiveness of biosimilar insulin glargine in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus in routine clinical practice: results of a post-marketing safety study.

To evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of biosimilar insulin glargine (GLY) in real-world clinical practice. This prospective, non-interventional, multicenter, observational, post-marketing safety study (PMSS) enrolled Japanese patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM or T2DM) starting GLY therapy, and was required by Japanese Pharmaceutical Affairs Law mandating post-marketing safety surveillance to acquire safety and effectiveness data of biosimilar products. Data collected from the 12-month observation included patient characteristics, adverse events, and blood glucose control.

Successful Healthcare Provider Strategies to Overcome Psychological Insulin Resistance in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Introduction: EMOTION was a multinational, noninterventional study surveying current insulin-using adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) who were initially reluctant to begin insulin treatment. In this Japanese population subanalysis of EMOTION, we identify the frequency and level of helpfulness of healthcare provider (HCP) actions, and we analyze life events ('actions/events') that assist T2D patients with psychological insulin resistance in the decision to initiate insulin.

Methods: Participants were selected from Survey Sampling International and their local partners' market research panels in Japan.

Methylene chain ruler for evaluating the regioselectivity of a substrate-recognising oxidation catalyst.

Regioselective C-H oxidation of aliphatic molecules with synthetic catalysts is challenging. We incorporated substrate-recognition sites into a ruthenium porphyrin-heteroaromatic N-oxide catalytic system in order to characterise its regioselectivity for the oxidation of alkanes. This substrate-recognition catalytic reaction exhibits high regioselectivity and high reaction efficiency.

Similar Intrapatient Blood Glucose Variability with LY2963016 and Lantus Insulin Glargine in Patients with Type 1 (T1D) or Type 2 Diabetes, Including a Japanese T1D Subpopulation.

Introduction: LY2963016 insulin glargine (LY IGlar) and Lantus (IGlar), both with identical primary amino acid sequences, were compared in two phase 3 studies for intrapatient blood glucose variability.

Methods: ELEMENT-1 was a 52-week study in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), which included Japanese patients, and ELEMENT-2 was a 24-week study in non-Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In ELEMENT-1, 535 patients with T1D were evaluable (268 LY IGlar and 267 IGlar).

[A CASE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION TO ENOKITAKE (FLAMMULINA VELUTIPES) INGESTION].

We experienced a case of 10-year-old girl who developed hypersensitivity reactions after eating enokitake. The patient had food allergy to egg until 5 years old. When she was 4 years old, she ate enokitake with a hot-pot dish.

[Five Cases of Neuroendovascular Treatment Using the Goose Neck Snare for Inducing and Holding the Guiding Catheter].

The stabilization of a guiding catheter is a very important factor for successful endovascular treatment. However, it is sometimes difficult to obtain sufficient stabilization because of the tortuosity of the approach route. A Goose Neck Snare is useful for the retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies and can be used to hold the guiding catheter.

Exploration of Antiemetics for Osteoporosis Therapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting Using PET Molecular Imaging Analysis to Gastrointestinal Pharmacokinetics.

Purpose: To select appropriate antiemetics relieving teriparatide-induced nausea and vomiting during osteoporosis treatment using PET molecular imaging and pharmacokinetic analysis.

Methods: Rats were pretreated with subcutaneous teriparatide, followed by oral administration of antiemetics with different pharmacological effects. The pharmacokinetics of antiemetics were assessed by oral administration of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) under free moving conditions in vivo.

Extension of recovery time from fatigue by repeated rest with short-term sleep during continuous fatigue load: Development of chronic fatigue model.

Homeostasis is known to be involved in maintaining the optimal internal environment, helping to achieve the best performance of biological functions. At the same time, a deviation from optimal conditions often attenuates the performance of biological functions, and such restricted performance could be considered as individual fatigue, including physical and mental fatigue. The present study seeks to develop an animal model of chronic or subacute fatigue in which the recovery time is extended through the gradual disruption of homeostasis.

Visualization and Quantitative Assessment of the Brain Distribution of Insulin through Nose-to-Brain Delivery Based on the Cell-Penetrating Peptide Noncovalent Strategy.

Our recent work suggested that intranasal coadministration with the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) penetratin increased the brain distribution of the peptide drug insulin. The present study aimed to distinctly certify the ability of penetratin to facilitate the nose-to-brain delivery of insulin by quantitatively evaluating the distribution characteristics in brain using radioactive (64)Cu-NODAGA-insulin. Autoradiography and analysis using a gamma counter of brain areas demonstrated that the accumulation of radioactivity was greatest in the olfactory bulb, the anterior part of the brain closest to the administration site, at 15 min after intranasal administration of (64)Cu-NODAGA-insulin with l- or d-penetratin.

Visualization of drug translocation in the nasal cavity and pharmacokinetic analysis on nasal drug absorption using positron emission tomography in the rat.

We performed positron emission tomography (PET) using 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of nasal drug absorption in the rat. The dosing solution of [(18)F]FDG was varied in volume (ranging from 5 to 25 μl) and viscosity (using 0% to 3% concentrations of hydroxypropylcellulose). We modeled the pharmacokinetic parameters regarding the nasal cavity and pharynx using mass balance equations, and evaluated the values that were obtained by fitting concentration-time profiles using WinNonlin® software.

Quantitative Evaluation of mMate1 Function Based on Minimally Invasive Measurement of Tissue Concentration Using PET with [(11)C]Metformin in Mouse.

Purpose: To evaluate the function of multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs) using (11)C-labeled metformin ([(11)C]metformin) by positron emission tomography (PET).

Methods: PET was performed by intravenous bolus injection of [(11)C]metformin. Pyrimethamine at 0.

The synthesis and biodistribution of [(11)C]metformin as a PET probe to study hepatobiliary transport mediated by the multi-drug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1) in vivo.

In order to develop a new positron emission tomography (PET) probe to study hepatobiliary transport mediated by the multi-drug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1), (11)C-labelled metformin was synthesized and then evaluated as a PET probe. [(11)C]Metformin ([(11)C]4) was synthesized in three steps, from [(11)C]methyl iodide. Evaluation by small animal PET of [(11)C]4 showed that there was increased concentrations of [(11)C]4 in the livers of mice pre-treated with pyrimethamine, a potential inhibitor of MATEs, inhibiting the hepatobiliary excretion of metformin.

Evaluation of Oatp and Mrp2 activities in hepatobiliary excretion using newly developed positron emission tomography tracer [11C]dehydropravastatin in rats.

We developed a pravastatin derivative, sodium (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-((1S,2S,6S,8S)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-((1-[(11)C]-(E)-2-methyl-but-2-enoyl)oxy)-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl)heptanoate ([(11)C]DPV), as a positron emission tomography (PET) probe for noninvasive measurement of hepatobiliary transport, and conducted pharmacokinetic analysis in rats as a feasibility study for future clinical study. Transport activities of DPV in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes and rodent multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (rMrp2; human, MRP2)-expressing membrane vesicles were similar to those of pravastatin. Rifampicin diminished the uptake of DPV and pravastatin by the hepatocytes, with similar inhibition potency.

In vitro evaluation of the ciliary beat frequency of the rat nasal epithelium using a high-speed digital imaging system.

Mucociliary clearance (MC) is an important factor in determining nasal drug absorption and the ciliary beat of ciliated epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa is the driving force of MC. However, the relationship between MC and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is still ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to establish an evaluation method of CBF as an index of mucociliary function and examine the relationship between MC and CBF.

Dynamic analysis of fluid distribution in the gastrointestinal tract in rats: positron emission tomography imaging after oral administration of nonabsorbable marker, [(18)F]Deoxyfluoropoly(ethylene glycol).

To develop potent drugs for oral use, information on their pharmacokinetic (PK) properties after oral administration is of great importance. We have recently reported the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) for the analysis of gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of radiolabeled compounds. In this study, PET image analysis was performed in rats using a novel PET probe, [(18)F]deoxyfluoropoly(ethylene glycol)s, with an average molecular weight of 2 kDa ([(18)F]FPEG), as a nonabsorbable marker to elaborate the GI physiology in more detail, such as segmental transition of the administered water, and fluid volume and distribution in the intestine.