A review of the clinical introduction of 4D particle therapy research concepts.

Background And Purpose: Many 4D particle therapy research concepts have been recently translated into clinics, however, remaining substantial differences depend on the indication and institute-related aspects. This work aims to summarise current state-of-the-art 4D particle therapy technology and outline a roadmap for future research and developments.

Material And Methods: This review focused on the clinical implementation of 4D approaches for imaging, treatment planning, delivery and evaluation based on the 2021 and 2022 as well as a review of the most recent surveys, guidelines and scientific papers dedicated to this topic.