Personalized microbiome-driven effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on human glucose tolerance.

Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are commonly integrated into human diet and presumed to be inert; however, animal studies suggest that they may impact the microbiome and downstream glycemic responses. We causally assessed NNS impacts in humans and their microbiomes in a randomized-controlled trial encompassing 120 healthy adults, administered saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, and stevia sachets for 2 weeks in doses lower than the acceptable daily intake, compared with controls receiving sachet-contained vehicle glucose or no supplement. As groups, each administered NNS distinctly altered stool and oral microbiome and plasma metabolome, whereas saccharin and sucralose significantly impaired glycemic responses.

Gut microbiota modulates weight gain in mice after discontinued smoke exposure.

Cigarette smoking constitutes a leading global cause of morbidity and preventable death, and most active smokers report a desire or recent attempt to quit. Smoking-cessation-induced weight gain (SCWG; 4.5 kg reported to be gained on average per 6-12 months, >10 kg year in 13% of those who stopped smoking) constitutes a major obstacle to smoking abstinence, even under stable or restricted caloric intake.