Genomic features of first bovine astrovirus detected in Egypt.

Unlabelled: Bovine astrovirus (BAstV) is a small single-stranded RNA virus, which belongs taxonomically to genus under the family The BAstV is strongly linked to neonatal diarrhea of calves. A few studies are available on BAstV, mainly from Asia, and to a lesser extent from Europe, South America, and Africa. There is only one report from Egypt, in which BAstV was found in diarrheic calves, either in single- or co-infections, based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and BAstV-polymerase enzyme targeting primers.

Avian Type 1 in Egypt: Epidemiology, Evolutionary Perspective, and Vaccine Approach.

1, formerly known as avian paramyxovirus type-1 (APMV-1), infects more than 250 different species of birds. It causes a broad range of clinical diseases and results in devastating economic impact due to high morbidity and mortality in addition to trade restrictions. The ease of spread has allowed the virus to disseminate worldwide with subjective virulence, which depends on the virus strain and host species.

Comparative humoral immune response against cytopathic or non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection causes immune dysfunction. The current study investigated the effect of cytopathic (cp) or noncytopathic (ncp) strains of BVDV on immunomodulation by the levels of total serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), the IgG1, IgG2, BVDV neutralizing antibodies and total white blood cell (WBC) count. Twenty (20) BVDV seronegative dairy calves (5-6 months old) were divided in two groups of ten.

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus: Molecular Epidemiologic Perspectives and Impact on Vaccine Efficacy Against Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Viruses.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease of chickens with huge economic losses to the poultry industry despite extensive vaccination. Analysis of isolated IBDV field strains from vaccinated birds would greatly improve the current immunization regimens and support the development of vaccines that offer better immunity. The study investigated the genetic characteristics and pathologic features of IBDVs in commercial broiler chicken farms, as well as the effect of IBDV infection on the efficacy of vaccination against avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) under field conditions.

Outbreaks of Duck Hepatitis A Virus in Egyptian Duckling Flocks.

During 2015, duck farms ( = 27) in Sharkia Province, Egypt, experienced several disease outbreaks leading to mortality and nervous manifestations. Upon necropsy, the affected ducklings showed liver lesions, such as hemorrhage or necrosis, suggestive of duck virus hepatitis (DVH). Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), on the basis of the 3D gene, found duck livers from 21 farms to be positive for duck hepatitis A virus serotype 1 (DHAV-1).

Co-infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza and duck hepatitis viruses in Egyptian backyard and commercial ducks.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a major challenge to the poultry industry and human health in Egypt. Twenty one households and eight duck farms in Sharkia Province, Egypt were investigated for the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV) and/or duck hepatitis virus 1 (DHV-1). Mortality rates among the investigated farms and yards were, 18.

Detection and genetic characterization of bovine kobuvirus from calves in Egypt.

Kobuviruses are small non-enveloped RNA viruses that probably cause diarrhea in cattle and swine. Since its discovery in 2003, few studies have addressed bovine kobuvirus (BKoV; a species of Aichivirus B) infections. BKoV has been reported in Europe, Asia, and South America, suggesting a worldwide distribution.

Molecular characterization of circulating Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O topotype EA-3 and serotype A (African topotype) genotype IV in Egypt, 2016.

In January-April 2016, cattle and buffalo farm owners and veterinarians reported clinical signs suggestive of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks among non-vaccinated cattle and buffalo herds in Egypt. The clinical disease observed was either mild (small oral lesions and speedy recovery) or severe (extensive oral lesions and/or mortalities), and the form of the disease (either mild or severe) segregated by farm. This study aimed to confirm the presence of FMDV and to characterize the circulating strains associated with the outbreaks.

Co-circulation of paramyxo- and influenza viruses in pigeons in Egypt.

In recent years, avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have caused large-scale outbreaks in many countries, including Egypt. The culling and vaccination strategies have failed to control both viruses in Egypt. In this study, we investigated the outbreaks of nervous manifestations and deaths in pigeons between 2013 and 2015.

Molecular detection of enteric viruses from diarrheic calves in Egypt.

Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. This study was conducted to investigate the existence of enteric viruses in two Egyptian farms with a history of recurrent diarrhea. Fecal samples were collected from 25 diarrheic calves.

Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 in Naturally Infected Poultry in Egypt.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 has been endemic in Egypt since 2006, and there is increasing concern for its potential to become highly transmissible among humans. Infection by HPAIV H5N1 has been described in experimentally challenged birds. However, the pathogenicity of the H5N1 isolated in Egypt has never been reported in naturally infected chickens and ducks.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for diagnosis of 18 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable viral diseases of ruminants, swine and poultry.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a simple, powerful state-of-the-art gene amplification technique used for the rapid diagnosis and early detection of microbial diseases. Many LAMP assays have been developed and validated for important epizootic diseases of livestock. We review the LAMP assays that have been developed for the detection of 18 viruses deemed notifiable of ruminants, swine and poultry by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).

Natural infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in domestic pigeons (Columba livia) in Egypt.

The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 threatens animal and human health worldwide. Susceptibility of pigeons to HPAIV (H5N1) and their role in avian influenza virus transmission to domestic birds and humans remain questionable. In this study, an outbreak in domestic pigeons (1 to 18 months old) with 50% mortality was investigated.

Cleavage site stability of Egyptian highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in backyard chickens during 2009-2011.

Purpose: Two distinguishable subclades of H5N1 (classic and variant strains) are cocirculating among the poultry populations in Egypt despite the intensive vaccination programs. A study to investigate the genetic relationship between avian influenza virus (AIV) isolates from backyard chickens in Sharkia (2009-2011), subclades, and commercially available vaccines was carried out.

Methods: Forty-eight suspected AIV infected birds were clinically examined and used for virus isolation followed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.