A synergistic effect of the ion beam sputtered NiOhole transport layer and MXene doping on inverted perovskite solar cells.

The synergistic effect of high-quality NiOhole transport layers (HTLs) deposited by ion beam sputtering on ITO substrates and the TiCTMXene doping of CHNHPbI(MAPI) perovskite layers is investigated in order to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The 18 nm thick NiOlayers are pinhole-free and exhibit large-scale homogeneous surface morphology as revealed by the atomic force microscopy (AFM). The grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction showed a 0.