Gender-associated difference following COVID-19 virus infection: Implications for thymosin alpha-1 therapy.

Gender influences clinical presentations, duration and severity of symptoms, and therapy outcome in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Whether the immune response to Tα1 treatment for SARS-CoV-2 differs between the sexes, and whether this difference explains the male susceptibility to COVID-19, is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency and safety of Tα1 treatment and provide a basis for practically identifying gender differences characteristics and features of COVID-19.

Effect of combination antiviral therapy on hematological profiles in 151 adults hospitalized with severe coronavirus disease 2019.

Objectives: The current diagnosis and medicines approach in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) does not reflect the heterogeneous characteristics of this disease. This study aims to find a new antiviral combination regimen by investigating the frequency of clinically relevant and objectively identified comorbidities, and the clustering of these clinical syndromes and varying results of treatment with antiviral drugs in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19.

Methods: This study recruited 151 severe COVID-19 infection cases diagnosed in our hospital examination and illustrated the clinical potential during a consecutive 25-day medication period.

Multitarget and promising role of dihydromyricetin in the treatment of metabolic diseases.

Dihydromyricetin (DMY or DHM), also known as ampelopsin, is the main natural flavonol compound extracted from the plant Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand. -Mazz) W.T.

Flavonoids as inducers of white adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis: signalling pathways and molecular triggers.

Background: Flavonoids are a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites and are the most common group of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet. In recent studies, flavonoids have been shown to induce browning of white adipocytes, increase energy consumption, inhibit high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and improve metabolic status. Promoting the activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inducing white adipose tissue (WAT) browning are promising means to increase energy expenditure and improve glucose and lipid metabolism.

(2R,3R)Dihydromyricetin inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone loss through scavenging LPS-induced oxidative stress and NF-κB and MAPKs pathways activating.

Osteolysis is a serious complication of several chronic inflammatory diseases and is closely associated with a local chronic inflammatory reaction with a variety of causes. However, similarities exist in the mechanisms of their pathological processes. Inflammatory factors and oxidative stress-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways play a center role in bone erosion.

Marrow Adipose Tissue: Skeletal Location, Sexual Dimorphism, and Response to Sex Steroid Deficiency.

Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is unique with respect to origin, metabolism, and function. MAT is characterized with high heterogeneity which correlates with skeletal location and bone metabolism. This fat depot is also highly sensitive to various hormonal, environmental, and pharmacologic cues to which it responds with changes in volume and/or metabolic phenotype.

Pioglitazone affects the OPG/RANKL/RANK system and increase osteoclastogenesis.

Thiazolidinediones are traditional anti‑diabetic therapeutic agents that have been associated with bone loss and increased fracture risk. However, the underlying mechanisms of this side effect require further elucidation. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pioglitazone (PIO), a thiazolidinedione, on osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis and the osteoprotegerin (OPG) / receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand (RANKL) / RANK system.

Dose-dependent inhibitory effects of zoledronic acid on osteoblast viability and function in vitro.

Zoledronic acid (ZA), which is one of the most potent and efficacious bisphosphonates, has been commonly used in clinical practice for the treatment of various bone disorders. The extensive use of ZA has been associated with increasing occurrence of jaw complications, now known as bisphosphonate‑associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). However, the mechanism underlying BRONJ remains to be fully elucidated.

Decreased osteoclastogenesis, osteoblastogenesis and low bone mass in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on bone is controversial. Therefore, the present study investigated whether T2DM causes osteoporosis and explored the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. The effects of T2DM on bone physiology were analyzed in a mouse model of T2DM; KK/Upj‑Ay/J (KK‑Ay) mice develop diabetes after 8 weeks and exhibit stable diabetes symptoms and signs after 10 weeks when fed a KK‑Ay mouse maintenance fodder.

Inhibitory effects of high glucose/insulin environment on osteoclast formation and resorption in vitro.

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and increased risk of fracture at early stage, but they were found to have normal or even enhanced bone mineral density (BMD). This study was aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms governing changes in bone structure and integrity under both hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions. Monocytes were isolated from the bone marrow of the C57BL/6 mice, induced to differentiate into osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and exposed to high glucose (33.

Purification and characterization of a novel antithrombotic peptide from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The centipede has been prescribed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in Korea, China and other Far Eastern Asian countries for several hundred years.

Materials And Methods: A novel antithrombotic peptide was isolated from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans using a combination of ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-50 column, Source 15Q anion exchange column and RP-HPLC C18 column.

Results: The molecular mass of the purified peptide is 346Da measured by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS).

Rosiglitazone inhibits bone regeneration and causes significant accumulation of fat at sites of new bone formation.

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators, and insulin sensitizers represent drugs used to treat hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a twofold increase in fracture risk, and TZDs use increases this risk by an additional twofold. In this study, we analyzed the effect of systemic administration of the TZD rosiglitazone on new bone formation in two in vivo models of bone repair, a model of drilled bone defect regeneration (BDR) and distraction osteogenesis (DO) and a model of extended bone formation.

[Regulation of differentiation and proliferation of epiphysis stem cells by Notch1 signaling system].

Objective: To investigate the regulation of differentiation and proliferation of epiphysis stem cells by Notch1 signaling system.

Methods: Costocostal cartilage was taken from a SD rat. Epiphysis stem cells were isolated and cultured.

Protective effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor on denervated skeletal muscle.

To study the effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on denervated skeletal muscle atrophy and to find a new approach to ameliorate atrophy of denervated muscle, a model was established by cutting the right sciatic nerve in 36 Wistar mice, with the left side serving as control. Then they were divided into two groups randomly. CNTF (1 U/ml) 0.