[The development of children nutrition science in Russia].

The article presents the main directions of children nutrition science in Russia, that starts at the Institute of Nutrition (nowadays Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety). Almost all areas of children nutrition - from early age to adulthood, from the organization of public nutrition to personalized approaches - were developed on the base of the Department of Children Nutrition, founded in 1932. Years of beneficial work of famous Russian specialists in the field of pediatric dietetics and nutrition science are associated with this Department, for instance professors E.

[Hormonal feature of the androgen status in different-aged males.].

The examined males (n=374) aged from 20 to 69 years were divided into five age groups: the 1st - 20-29 years; the 2nd - 30-39 years; the 3rd - 40-49 years; the 4th - 50-59 years; the 5th - 60-69 years. There was 16,1±7 nmol/l total testosterone level in serum of all aged group. Hormonal signs of androgen deficiency, increased elderly aged groups, were revealed in males of the 2nd group as compared with males of the 1st group.

[Efficacy of Short-Term Therapy With Meldonium in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure of Ischemic Etiology and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus].

Purpose: to assess efficacy and endotheliotropic properties of short-term addition of meldonium to basic therapy of patients with chronic ischemic heart failure and type 2 diabetes.

Results And Conclusion: The study demonstrated the ability of meldonium to significantly improve endothelial function and the state of microcirculatory vascular bed, as well as to influence beneficially heart rate variability.

[The study of rs11801197 polymorphism of the calcitonin receptor gene () in Moscow women and children with different level of bone strength].

The frequency of the polymorphism rs11801197 of calcitonin receptor gene (CALCR) was studied by real-time PCR in 422 Moscow women and children, including pregnant women (n=96), lactating (n=29) and non-pregnant women (n=28) and children (n=269) of preschool (2-6 years, n=76) and school age (7-16 years, n=193) with different levels of bone strength (BS) as determined by ultrasound densitometry. It was found that the decrease in the value of the BS (Z-score<-1) was observed in 60% of women, 54% of preschool children and 48% of school children. In the cohort studied the predominant genotype of rs11801197 polymorphism of CALCR gene was CT (38%), the frequency of the genotypes CC and TT - 31%, C and T allele - 50%.

[The study of rs1800012 polymorphism of the alphal-chain collagen type 1 gene in Moscow women and children with different level of bone strength].

The frequency of rs1800012 polymorphism of alpha1-chains of type 1 collagen gene (COL1A1) was studied by real-time PCR in 422 Moscow women and children, including pregnant women (n=96), lactating (n=29) and non-pregnant women (n=28) and preschool children (2-6 years, n=76) and school children (7-16 years, n=193) with different levels of bone strength (BS) as determined by ultrasound densitometry. It was found that the decrease in the value of the BS (Z-score < -1) was observed in 60% of women, 54% of preschool children and 48% of school-aged children. In the surveyed cohort the predominant genotype of rs1800012 polymorphism CO1A1 geneI gene was GG (55.

[The prevalence of overweight and obesity in moscow pregnant women and principles of alimentary correction of these conditions].

The aim was to study the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Moscow pregnant women, as well as to conduct a comparative study of normal and excessive women`s body weight influence on the course and outcome of pregnancy and delivery, anthropometric indices and state of newborn`s health, to assess women's dietary intake and to develop approaches to nutritional correction of overweight and obesity in pregnant women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among pregnant women in Moscow in 2009-2011 was 8.3% of the total number of pregnant women observed.

[The clinical significance of insulin resistance, impaired carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the development of microcirculation pathology in patients with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus].

Patients with chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus type 2 experience continuous progression of organ damage as a result of hemodynamic and metabolic disorders. An important role in pathogenesis of organ damage belongs to pathological types of microcirculation, endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. But the role of insulin resistance and its contribution to the formation of endothelial dysfunction and peculiarities of microcirculation in patients with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus is unknown.

The study of breast milk IGF-1, leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin levels as possible reasons of high weight gain in breast-fed infants.

Background: Excessive consumption of protein that leads to increased blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an important risk factor for high growth velocity and obesity in formula-fed infants. However, it is not clear whether these factors can explain the high growth velocity in breast-fed infants.

Aim: To study the possible links between the growth velocity in breast-fed infants and the levels of protein, IGF-1 and other hormones, which regulate energy homeostasis, in mothers' breast milk.

[Use of meldonium in the combination treatment of patients with heart failure in the early postinfarction period].

Aim: To evaluate the impact of 10-14-day intravenous administration of meldonium as part of combination therapy in patients with chronic heart failure in the early post-infarction period on the recovery period, structural and functional parameters, and heart rate variability (HRV).

Subjects And Methods: The investigation enrolled 60 patients (men and women) aged 45 to 75 years at weeks 3-4 after post-myocardial infarction with symptoms of Functional Class II-III heart failure. All the patients underwent 24-hour electrochocardiography monitoring, cardiac echocardiography, and HRV study.

[Role of pFox inhibitors in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial ischemia].

Aim: To evaluate the anti-ischemic and anti-anginal efficacy of meldonium (Idrinol) in its short-term use as part of combination therapy in patients with chronic heart failure in the early post-infarction period.

Subjects And Methods: The investigation enrolled 60 patients (men and women) aged 45 to 75 years at weeks 3-4 after postmyocardial infarction with symptoms of Functional Class II-III heart failure. All the patients underwent physical examination, 24-hour ECG monitoring, heart rate variability (HRV) study, and quality of life assessment using the Seattle questionnaire.

[Efficacy of adaptol and the possibility of its differential use in patients with anxiety disorders after myocardial infarction].

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adaptol in a dose of 1500-2000 mg/day in combination therapy for anxiety disorders (AD) in the early post-myocardial infarction period.

Subjects And Methods: The trial included 94 patients with AD who were divided into a study group of 60 patients and a control group of 34 patients. In addition to basic therapy, the study group took adaptol in a dose of 1500-200 mg/day for 30 +/- 2 days; the control group received basic therapy only.

[Changes in the fatty acid composition of blood cell membranes in children with inflammatory diseases].

Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes has been studied in children (with normal body mass and obesity) with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and children with bronchial asthma in comparison with basically healthy children. Fifty seven children aged from 7 to 14 years were examined: 13 with inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (IDGIT) (eosophagitis, gastroduodenitis, stomach ulcer), 25 with obesity stages (I-III) complicated by IDGIT, 9 with bronchial asthma and 10 basically healthy children. The study revealed that both IDGIT and bronchial asthma caused significant and similar changes in fatty acid composition of cell membranes.

[Breast hormones--regulators of energy homeostasis: growth of infants].

Studied the possible relationship between the growth rate of children who are breastfed, and the level of protein, fat, insulin-like growth factor- 1 (IGF-1), ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin in breast milk. Examined 71 pair--a mother and a healthy child, who is breastfed. All infants were divided into 3 groups: low, normal and high weight gain.

[Modern ideas about the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet of women and children: new aspects].

Literature data on biochemical functions and physiological significance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) nutrition of children and pregnant women have been analyzed. New own data about main metabolic functions of PUFA regulation of lipid peroxidation and forming of antioxidant system--in healthy term and preterm babies and pregnant women with preeclampsia are given. At the same time the data on the synthesis of 4th and 5th series leukotrienes in healthy and sick children and cell membrane fatty acids composition changes at different types of inflammation are shown.

Accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid in membranes of erythrocytes and leukocytes during alterative-exudative and allergic inflammation.

Children patients with alterative-exudative (gastrointestinal diseases) and allergic inflammation (bronchial asthma) exhibited similar changes in fatty acid composition of erythrocyte and leukocyte membranes. They included accumulation of considerable amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and decrease in the content of docosahexaenoic acid (long-chain derivative of eicosapentaenoic acid). The accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid and decrease in the content of docosahexaenoic acid in cell membranes probably play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases.

[Mechanisms of the antioxidant defense in children].

The problem of antioxidative defence forming and the role of food antioxidants in it as well as the use of antioxidants in the nutrition of infants and children is discussed. The literature data on antioxidants and prooxidants regulatory effects on cell proliferation and tissue differentiation are reviewed. The important role of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their synergists (flavonoids, vitamin E, etc.

[The nutritional status of children in intensive care units].

The paper deals with the nutritional status of infants in intensive care units (ICU). It shows nutritional trends in 269 children aged 1 month to 15 years, treated in the ICU of a Tushino children's city hospital, Moscow, for brain injury, abdominal surgical diseases, and severe pneumonia. The paper evaluates the physical development of children in the ICU, shows the trends in weight-height, somatometric, laboratory parameters, and balance study data.

[Effect of long time storage of infant formulas on their vitamins A, E, levels of peroxide value and antioxidant activity as compared to breast milk].

It is shown that vitamins A and E content in infant and follow-on formulae was significantly higher comparatively to declared level while their content decreased during storage at room temperature in open boxes in accordance with manufactures recommendations. Vitamins A and E level decrease accompanied by formulae anti- and prooxidants ratio changes and peroxide value increase in all formula studied. The minimal level of vitamin A and E increase above declared one during manufacturing of infant formula that allows to maintain the actual vitamins level in accordance with declared one was grounded.

[The use of mildronate in combined therapy of postinfarction chronic heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus].

The aim of this open randomized study was to compare the clinical efficacy of mildronate in complex therapy of chronic heart failure (CHF) and basic therapy in patients with CHF and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) during the postinfarction period. The subjects were 60 II to III NYHA CHF patients aged 43 to 70 yo also suffering from DM2; the patients were observed during the early postinfarction period (weeks 3 to 4 from the onset of myocardial infarction). The patients were randomized into two groups: the 30 patients of the main group received basic therapy plus mildronate in a dose of 1 g a day, while the 30 patients of the control group received basic therapy only.

[Nutritive correction and iodine deficiency in children].

It is well known that deficiency of calcium and iodine--essential food components needed for children's valuable growth and development--is observed presently in children of different age. Considering this fact, the "Danone" company together with Institute of Nutrition (Russia) has developed a special formula, including calcium, iodine and vitamin D, for dairy products "Rastishka". The use of these products facilitates both reducing the risk of the above mentioned microelement deficiency and children's growth and development.

Antioxidant spectrum of blood serum and its peculiarities in children.

We compared the contribution of high- and low-molecular-weight antioxidants into total antioxidant activity of blood serum in children and adults. Ten serum samples from children aged from 3 months to 12 years and 6 serum samples from adults were fractionated by chromatography and antioxidant activity and the contents of transferrin and ceruloplasmin were measured in total serum and individual chromatographic fractions. It was found that total antioxidant activity of the serum from children measured in the system of yolk lipoproteins considerably surpassed that in adults.