Analysis of urban-rural differences in the relationship between grandparenting and the nutrition and health status of children aged 0-3 in China.

Background: The practice of grandparents taking on the role of primary caregivers for their grandchildren is widespread across both urban and rural regions in China. Yet, the existing body of research offered limited clarity on how grandparenting associated with nutrition as well as health of children aged 0-3 years, particularly in terms of potential differences between urban and rural areas in China. Therefore, this study aims to delve into the association between grandparenting and nutrition as well as health status of children aged 0-3 and its urban-rural differences in China.

Whole-Transcriptome Analysis on the Leaves of under Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

The leaves of plants can be recommended as a cheap and sustainable environmental protection tool to mitigate PAHs with high toxicity in the ambient environment because they can serve as a reactor to remove ambient PAHs. Although previous studies have demonstrated that PAHs exhibit toxicological features, our knowledge about how ambient PAHs influence the leaves of plants is limited regarding the leaves of plants reducing ambient PAHs as a reactor. In this study, 1-year-old .

Determination of 31 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Plant Leaves Using Internal Standard Method with Ultrasonic Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

The method for the determination of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plant leaves has been studied extensively, yet the quantitativemethod for measuring non-priority PAHs in plant leaves is limited. A method for the simultaneous determination of 31 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plant leaves was established using an ultrasonic extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-internal standard method. The samples of plant leaves were extracted with ultrasonic extraction and purified with solid-phase extraction columns.

[Concurrent Collection of Ammonia Gas and Aerosol Ammonium in Urban Beijing During National Celebration Days Utilizing an Acid-Coated Honeycomb Denuder in Combination with a Filter System].

Since 2013, the Chinese government implemented the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. As a result, the atmospheric concentrations of sulfate reduced significantly, whereas the nitrate concentrations remain relatively high due to the excess of ammonia (NH). To date, there is no official observation network monitoring NH concentrations in China.

Contrasting trends of PM and surface-ozone concentrations in China from 2013 to 2017.

Although much attention has been paid to investigating and controlling air pollution in China, the trends of air-pollutant concentrations on a national scale have remained unclear. Here, we quantitatively investigated the variation of air pollutants in China using long-term comprehensive data sets from 2013 to 2017, during which Chinese government made major efforts to reduce anthropogenic emission in polluted regions. Our results show a significant decreasing trend in the PM concentration in heavily polluted regions of eastern China, with an annual decrease of ∼7% compared with measurements in 2013.

[Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia: Sensitivity Test Based on Stable Isotope Analysis in R Language].

Ammonia (NH) is an important precursor of fine particles and nitrogen deposition. It is critical to identify and quantify the sources of NH before the implementation of a mitigation strategy. Stable isotope analysis in R (SIAR) has potential with regard to the source apportionment of NH, but its reliability is closely related to the signatures (N-NH) of emission sources.

[Concurrent Measurement of Wet and Bulk Deposition of Trace Metals in Urban Beijing].

To characterize the dry and wet deposition of atmospheric trace elements in urban Beijing, both active and passive samplers were used to collect bulk and wet sedimentation samples between May 2014 and April 2015.The concentrations of 19 trace elements (Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Th, and U) in the samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results show that the concentrations of metals in bulk deposition samples[7160.

Improved Inversion of Monthly Ammonia Emissions in China Based on the Chinese Ammonia Monitoring Network and Ensemble Kalman Filter.

Ammonia (NH) emission inventories are an essential input in chemical transport models and are helpful for policy-makers to refine mitigation strategies. However, current estimates of Chinese NH emissions still have large uncertainties. In this study, an improved inversion estimation of NH emissions in China has been made using an ensemble Kalman filter and the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System.

[Observations of Reactive Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds During Haze Episodes Using a Denuder-based System].

Reactive nitrogen and sulfur compounds are chemically active in the atmosphere and play an important role in secondary particle formation. Among them, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) are important components of particulate matter (PM) that account for approximately one-third of fine particles. The precursors of SNA including HNO, SO, and NH are all involved in haze formation in China.

Isotopic evidence for enhanced fossil fuel sources of aerosol ammonium in the urban atmosphere.

The sources of aerosol ammonium (NH) are of interest because of the potential of NH to impact the Earth's radiative balance, as well as human health and biological diversity. Isotopic source apportionment of aerosol NH is challenging in the urban atmosphere, which has excess ammonia (NH) and where nitrogen isotopic fractionation commonly occurs. Based on year-round isotopic measurements in urban Beijing, we show the source dependence of the isotopic abundance of aerosol NH, with isotopically light (-33.

Identifying Ammonia Hotspots in China Using a National Observation Network.

The limited availability of ammonia (NH) measurements is currently a barrier to understanding the vital role of NH in secondary aerosol formation during haze pollution events and prevents a full assessment of the atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen. The observational gaps motivated us to design this study to investigate the spatial distributions and seasonal variations in atmospheric NH on a national scale in China. On the basis of a 1-year observational campaign at 53 sites with uniform protocols, we confirm that abundant concentrations of NH [1 to 23.

[Atmospheric Dry Deposition Fluxes and Seasonal Variations of Particulate Matter and Lead in Urban Beijing].

To investigate the dry deposition pattern of particulate matter and lead in urban Beijing, dry deposited particles were collected based on a surrogate surface between December 2013 and November 2014 and subjected to elemental analysis by using microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that dry deposition fluxes of particle mass and total lead were 0.84 t·(hm·a) and 7.

Fossil Fuel Combustion-Related Emissions Dominate Atmospheric Ammonia Sources during Severe Haze Episodes: Evidence from (15)N-Stable Isotope in Size-Resolved Aerosol Ammonium.

The reduction of ammonia (NH3) emissions is urgently needed due to its role in aerosol nucleation and growth causing haze formation during its conversion into ammonium (NH4(+)). However, the relative contributions of individual NH3 sources are unclear, and debate remains over whether agricultural emissions dominate atmospheric NH3 in urban areas. Based on the chemical and isotopic measurements of size-resolved aerosols in urban Beijing, China, we find that the natural abundance of (15)N (expressed using δ(15)N values) of NH4(+) in fine particles varies with the development of haze episodes, ranging from -37.

Trace elements in particulate matter from metropolitan regions of Northern China: Sources, concentrations and size distributions.

Public concerns over airborne trace elements (TEs) in metropolitan areas are increasing, but long-term and multi-site observations of size-resolved aerosol TEs in China are still lacking. Here, we identify highly elevated levels of atmospheric TEs in megacities and industrial sites in a Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration relative to background areas, with the annual mean values of As, Pb, Ni, Cd and Mn exceeding the acceptable limits of the World Health Organization. Despite the spatial variability in concentrations, the size distribution pattern of each trace element was quite similar across the region.

Size-resolved aerosol chemical analysis of extreme haze pollution events during early 2013 in urban Beijing, China.

Using size-resolved filter sampling and chemical characterization, high concentrations of water-soluble ions, carbonaceous species and heavy metals were found in both fine (PM2.1) and coarse (PM2.1-9) particles in Beijing during haze events in early 2013.

Size-resolved aerosol trace elements at a rural mountainous site in Northern China: importance of regional transport.

This paper presents an intensive field measurement campaign carried out at the rural mountainous site of Xinglong (960 m a.s.l.

[Magnetic property of dustfall in a Northwest China valley city and its environmental implications].

Lanzhou is one of the seriously polluted cities in Northwest China. Dustfall samples collected in Lanzhou and the countryside Huanghuatan were studied using magnetic methods. The results reveal that the content of magnetic mineral in dustfall samples from Lanzhou is much higher than that of Huanghuatan.

[Characteristics of heavy metal elements and their relationship with magnetic properties of river sediment from urban area in Lanzhou].

The contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn in the surface sediments from 8 rivers in urban area in Lanzhou were monitored by ecological risk which was assessed by the potential ecological Håkanson index, and the index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), sediment enrichment factor (R), and environmental magnetism. The results showed that: (1) the potential ecological risk of heavy metals of As, Co, Ni, V in surface sediments from 8 rivers were low, which belonged to low ecological risk. But the risk of heave metals Cr, Pb, Zn in surface sediments from Yuer river was high, which belonged to middle ecological risk, and in downstream of Yuer river, the element of Cu belonged to high ecological risk.

[Magnetic characters of river sediment of urban area in Lanzhou].

A total of 23 deposits samples were collected from 8 selected the river sediments in Lanzhou urban area as researching objects of magnetic property and organic matter measure. The results indicate that: (1) the magnetic property controlled by magnetite which is ferrimagnetic mineral, and anti-ferromagnetic component such as hematite and goethite; (2) the value of samples' magnetic parameters (such as: chi, SIRM, magnetic hysteresis loops and M-T curves) increased from upstream to downstream in Paihong River, Shier River and Yuer River, Shuimo River; decreased in Qili River and Lanni River; and contrasting above-mentioned, the value of samples' magnetic parameters were low in Luoguo River and Dasha River. Based on the variation of magnetic parameters, such as chiFD, chiARM, chiFD/Ms and chiARM/Ms, we divided the rivers into three groups according to the contribution originating from anthropogenic activities into spatial river sediments: first type, such as Paihong River, Shier River, Yuer River and Shuimo River, called downstream concentrate type; second type, such as Qili River and Lanni River, called upstream concentrate type; third type, such as Luoguo River and Dasha River, called less affected type.