Sustainable generation of homogeneous Fe(VI) oxidant for the room temperature removal of gaseous NO by electro-scrubbing process.

A high valent Fe(VI) homogenous catalyst was synthesized following electrochemical route for the efficient removal of a greenhouse gas (NO) by mediated electro catalytic oxidation (MEO) in an electro-scrubbing process. This paper describes the room temperature degradation of NO using a consistently generable hexavalent Fe(VI) homogenous catalyst. The ferrate (VI) was electrochemically generated by employing a membrane divided cell, and quantified by monitoring the changes in the ORP (oxidation/reduction potential) along with a potentiometric titration by the chromite method using chromium Cr(III) as a titrant.

Identification of Synergistic Interaction Between Cannabis-Derived Compounds for Cytotoxic Activity in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Colon Polyps That Induces Apoptosis-Related Cell Death and Distinct Gene Expression.

Colorectal cancer remains the third most common cancer diagnosis and fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Purified cannabinoids have been reported to prevent proliferation, metastasis, and induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell types. However, the active compounds from flowers and their interactions remain elusive.

How the mesencephalic locomotor region recruits hindbrain neurons.

This chapter summarizes experiments which were designed to reveal how repetitive electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) recruits nearby hindbrain neurons into activity, such that locomotion can ensue in the tiger salamander, A. tigrinum. The MLR stimulus strength was subthreshold or near-threshold for locomotor movements to ensue.

Behavior of hindbrain neurons during the transition from rest to evoked locomotion in a newt.

Trains of electrical stimuli were delivered to the mesencephalic 'locomotor region' in the rough skin newt. The current (3-12 mcA) and the interstimulus interval (100 to 200 ms) were adjusted so that locomotion arose in approximately 10 s, or so that the train remained subthreshold for initiation of locomotion. Impulses of single neurons in the hindbrain were recorded during the transition period from rest to locomotion.

[Responses of medullary and spinal neurons to simultaneous stimulation of two locomotor points].

Responses of neurons in the medulla and cervical segments to simultaneous repetitive (50 pps) stimulation of two locomotor points (LPs) by currents in the range of 1 to 2 thresholds of locomotion were studied. In most cases a neuron responded to stimulation of only one LP. Stimulation of the second LP enhanced usually the firing index of that response, if it was low, diminished it, if it was high and did not influence it, if it was about 0.

[The convergence of influences from the locomotor points of the midbrain and medulla oblongata and from the inhibitory point of the pons onto the bulbar neurons].

Synaptic responses of medial and lateral medullary neurons to repetitive stimulation of locomotor points (LPs) of the midbrain and medulla and of an inhibitory pontine point were recorded in mesencephalic decerebellate cats. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) and discharges were observed usually in medial neurons as well as mixed PSPs when an inhibitory point was stimulated. Almost a half of lateral neurons and more than a quarter of medial ones changed the frequency of the background discharge giving no responses time-locked to stimuli.

[Synaptic responses of spinal cord neurons to rhythmic microstimulation of a stepping strip].

Synaptic responses of neurons at the low thoracic level to microstimulation of a stepping strip in the dorsolateral funiculus with frequency of 20 and 40 pps were recorded in mesencephalic cats. Histograms of latencies of single neurons were usually monomodal, whereas two modes at 2-3 ms and 5-7 ms occurred in composed histograms. The data obtained show that decremental reverberation exists under these experimental conditions.

[2 types of neuronal reactions of the medulla oblongata to microstimulation of the locomotor and inhibitory points of the brain stem].

Synaptic responses (postsynaptic potentials and action potentials) of medial and lateral bulbar neurons were evoked by stimulation of the medullary locomotor point (LP) and pontine inhibitory point (IP) by current up to 20 microA in mesencephalic decerebellated cats. Some neurons responded even to single (2-5/s) stimuli. Other neurons responded only to rhythmic (30-60/s) stimulation.

[The pathways necessary for eliciting walking by stimulation of the locomotor area of the brain stem].

Effects of bilateral lesions of the spinal cord at the upper cervical level on the walking elicited by stimulation of the midbrain or of the spinal cord, were studied in decerebrated cats. The locomotion could be elicited after lesions of the ventral funiculus together with the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus, or of the ventrolateral funiculus only, or of the grey matter. Following large lesions in the ventral half of the spinal cord, the midbrain stimulation elicited no walking, but low-amplitude alternative rhythmic movements could be observed during 1.

[Frequency potentiation of neuronal synaptic reactions in the medial tegmentum of the medulla oblongata to microstimulation of the inhibitory point of the pons Varolii].

Synaptic responses of medial medullary neurons to single (2 pps) and repetitive (30-50 pps) stimuli delivered to the pontine inhibitory point were recorded in decerebrated cats. Firing index, inhibitory to the less extent, excitatory postsynaptic potentials usually increased when repetitive stimulation was applied. Suppression of the background impulse activity was observed in some neurons.

[Propagation of the activity along the "stepping strip" of the spinal cord in the cat].

Three stepping points (SPs) were found in one dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord at the low thoracic level in mesencephalic cats. The SPs were at a distance of about 8 mm from one another, and stimulation of each SP elicited stepping of the ipsilateral hind limb. Synaptic responses of single neurons to stimulation of the caudal and rostral SPs before and after electrolytic lesion of the intermediate SP were recorded 5-17 mm caudal to the caudal SP.

[Activity of spinal cord neurons and their responses to stimulation of the "stepping" strip during spontaneous locomotor rhythmicity].

Spike activity of single neurons in the upper cervical segments C2-C3 or at the brachial enlargement C5-C6 was recorded in decerebrated cats during spontaneous locomotor rhythm after transection of the spinal cord at the low thoracic level. The shortest interspike intervals in 66% of cyclically active neurons at C5 were observed during electrical activity of extensor muscles of the ipsilateral forelimb. Only 8% of these neurons responded to stimulation of the stepping strip.

[Responses of medullary neurons to stimulation of locomotor and inhibitory loci in the brain stem of the cat].

The medullary locomotor point (L) and the pontine inhibitory point (I) were found in mesencephalic decerebellate cats. Repetitive (60/s) microstimulation of L elicited stepping of forelimbs which terminated during repetitive microstimulation of I. Responses of neurons were evoked applying 1.

[Correlation between quantitative indicators of the bioelectrical activity of the heart atria and central hemodynamics in patients with ischemic heart disease based on correlation analysis data].

Atrial bioelectrical activity (according to large-scale ECG findings) and central hemodynamics were studied in 43 coronary patients. A correlation analysis showed an increased correlation between the studied values in patients with diffuse and postinfarctional cardiosclerosis and those in healthy subjects. The authors stressed the most significant large-scale ECG values.

[Synaptic responses of propriospinal neurons on stimulation of the locomotor strip of the dorsolateral funiculus of the cat].

Stepping points in the dorsolateral funiculus of thoracic and cervical divisions of the spinal cord were found in mesencephalic cats. Synaptic responses of single neurons at level Th12-Th13 to microstimulation of these points were recorded extracellularly. Latencies of these responses increase when the distance between the stepping point and the site of the recording is over 20 mm, and paired stimuli have now to be delivered to evoke responses.

Medullary locomotor strip and column in the cat.

Responses of lateral medullary neurons to microstimulation of two points in the locomotor strip--rostral and caudal to the obex--were recorded intracellularly in mesencephalic decerebellated uncurarized cats. Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and orthodromic action potentials occurred up to 20 ms after a single stimulus. A number of cells responded to stimulation of a locomotor point by a repetitive discharge, and in some cells synaptic responses were evoked by contralateral stimulation.

[Stepping movements caused by stimulation of the cat spinal cord dorsolateral funiculus].

It has been demonstrated in experiments on mesencephalic cats that microstimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) at any level (from C1 to L1) elicited stepping movements in the ipsilateral hind limb. The lesion of the DLF at the C2--C3 level interfered with provocation of the stepping from the more rostral part of the DLF. However, stimulation caudal to the lesion remained effective.

[Responses of neurons of the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord in the cat to stimulation of the locomotor region of the brain stem with different frequencies].

Synaptic responses of C2 and C3 neurons to stimulation of medullary or midbrain locomotor points were recorded extracellularly in mesencephalic cats. Neurons excited with a firing index of 0.4-0.

[Synaptic responses of neurons of the lateral medullary reticular formation to stimulation of the locomotor strip in the cat].

Intracellular recording of neuronal responses in the lateral medullar reticular formation to stimulation of locomotor points located rostrally and caudally of the obex was made in mesencephalic uncurarized cats. Of 114 neurons with synaptic responses to the rostral point stimulation by current up to 30 microA 40 neurons were excited antidromically from the caudal point.

[Synaptic responses of medulla oblongata neurons to stimulation of the "locomotor area" in the turtle].

Responses of medullary neurons to microstimulation of medullary locomotor region by current up to 30 micro A were recorded intracellularly in decerebrated turtles. Resting potential of these neurons varied from 22 to 42 mV. Depolarizing PSPs (EPSPs) were evoked in 43 neurons, hyperpolarizing ones (IPSPs) in 12 neurons, and both types of PSPs were observed in 36 neurons.

[Responses of medulla oblongata neurons to microstimulation of the "locomotor strip" in cats].

Synaptic responses of medullary neurons to stimulation of the medullary "locomotor strip" by current of about 20 microA were recorded extracellularly in mesencephalic decerebellized cats. The mean latency of responses of 177 units was 3.2 ms.