[The Roles of Aβ in Alzheimer's Disease: In Light of the Latest Findings].

The 'amyloid hypothesis', initially put forward in 1992, posits that amyloid β protein (Aβ) contributes to neurodegeneration through aberrant aggregation. In the process of this aberrant aggregation, Aβ forms oligomers, protofibrils, and mature fibrils, ultimately developing plaques. These mature fibrils and plaques were believed to be the culprits behind the neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Efficacy and safety of axitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Real-world data on patients with renal impairment.

Objectives: Limited information is currently available on the efficacy and safety of axitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients with renal impairment. Therefore, the present study investigated the efficacy and toxicity of axitinib in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Methods: Post-hoc analyses were performed on a Japanese multicenter cohort study of 477 mRCC patients who received axitinib followed by 1 or 2 regimens of systemic antiangiogenic therapy between January 2012 and December 2016.

Predictive factors for the effectiveness of novel androgen receptor axis-targeted agents in patients with metastatic prostate cancer.

Objective: Novel androgen receptor axis-targeted agents (ARATAs) have been developed for mCRPC and improved overall survival (OS). Here, we aimed to find predictors who will receive the greatest benefits from ARATAs.

Methods: We previously performed a multicenter study to identify prognostic factors for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC, n = 148) and mCRPC (n = 99), and showed that the bone scan index (BSI) was one of the significant prognostic factors for 3-year OS (PROSTAT-BSI study).

Site-specific Risk Stratification Models for Postoperative Recurrence and Survival Prediction in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Undergoing Radical Nephroureterectomy: Better Stratification for Adjuvant Therapy.

Background: Site-specific postoperative risk models for localized upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) are unavailable.

Objective: To create specific risk models for renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma (RPUC) and ureteral urothelial carcinoma (UUC), and to compare the predictive accuracy with the overall UTUC risk model.

Design Setting And Participants: A multi-institutional database retrospective study of 1917 UTUC patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) between 2000 and 2018 was conducted.

Neuronal energy use and brain evolution.

Consider how advantageous it might be to have eyes on our hands, rather than on our faces: depth perception would be improved by the greater distance between the eyes, and it would be easy to look into relatively inaccessible spaces by appropriate movement of the hands. The absence of mammals that use this visual strategy draws attention to constraints on how evolution is able to 'design' the nervous system. Energy use in particular, in this case the large amount of energy that would be needed to send visual information along the ∼10 optic nerve axons over the length of the arms to the brain (instead of along the much shorter optic nerve), imposes significant design constraints on the nervous system.

Efficacy of Androgen Receptor-targeted Drugs After Prostate Cancer Recurrence With Bone Metastases: PROSTAT-BSI Sub-analysis.

Background/aim: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic benefit of novel androgen receptor-targeted agents (ARTAs) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with bone metastases in Japan.

Patients And Methods: In followup to our prospective observational study (PROSTAT-BSI) from 2012 to 2018 on metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) and metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) before docetaxel initiation, we conducted this sub-analysis to investigate the benefit of ARTAs after clinical recurrence on overall survival (OS) in the real-world clinical setting in Japan. In this study, we compared patients who were treated with ARTA with those who received only vintage hormone therapy including docetaxel after clinical recurrence.

Efficacy of New Therapies for Relapse After Docetaxel Treatment of Bone Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer in Clinical Practice.

Background/aim: To assess the efficacy of novel therapeutic agents, such as androgen receptor axis-targeted agents (ARATs) and cabazitaxel, for relapse of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) after docetaxel in real-world practice, we performed a subanalysis using database from PROSTAT-BSI, a prospective observational study to evaluate the utility of software for quantifying bone metastases on bone scintigraphy.

Patients And Methods: Patients with clinically relapsed mCRPC after docetaxel treatment who received the new agents (NEW group) and those who did not (standard of care, SOC group) were included; patients who received ARAT before DOC treatment were excluded. Overall survival (OS) after docetaxel treatment was compared between the NEW and SOC groups.

The Effect of Hyperoxemia on Neurological Outcomes of Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hyperoxemia commonly occurs in clinical practice and is often left untreated. Many studies have shown increased mortality in patients with hyperoxemia, but data on neurological outcome in these patients are conflicting, despite worsened neurological outcome found in preclinical studies. To investigate the association between hyperoxemia and neurological outcome in adult patients, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

The Simultaneous Onset of Pancreatitis and Colitis as Immune-related Adverse Events in a Patient Receiving Nivolumab Treatment for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have anti-tumor effects, are currently approved for treatment of several kinds of advanced malignancies. However, with their increasing use, a variety of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in administered patients have been reported. We herein report a rare case of the simultaneous onset of acute pancreatitis and colitis as irAEs during nivolumab treatment given to a patient with renal cell carcinoma, who then shown marked improvement with corticosteroid therapy.

Prognosis of patients with prostate cancer and bone metastasis from the Japanese Prostatic Cancer Registry of Standard Hormonal and Chemotherapy Using Bone Scan Index cohort study.

Objective: To determine prognostic factors including the Bone Scan Index in prostate cancer patients receiving standard hormonal therapy and chemotherapy.

Methods: This multicenter Prostatic Cancer Registry of Standard Hormonal and Chemotherapy Using Bone Scan Index study involved 30 hospitals and enrolled 247 patients (age 71 ± 8 years) with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (n = 148) under hormone therapy and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (n = 99) under chemotherapy. The Bone Scan Index (%) was determined by whole-body bone scintigraphy using Tc-methylenediphosphonate.

Efficacy of holmium laser enucleation in patients with a small (less than 30 mL) prostate volume.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in patients with a small prostate volume (≤30 mL).

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 1,135 patients who underwent HoLEP at two institutions between July 2007 and March 2020. Patients who were not evaluated for the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) before or after HoLEP were excluded.

Tumor Location Based Segmentation in Upper-Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Impacts on the Urothelial Recurrence-Free Survival: A Multi-Institutional Database Study.

Introduction And Objectives: The predictive impact of primary tumor location for patients with upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in the presence of concomitant urothelial bladder cancer, along with urothelial recurrence after the curative treatment is still contentious. We evaluated the association between precise tumor location and concomitant presence of urothelial bladder cancer and urothelial recurrence-free survival in patients with UTUC treated by radical nephroureterectomy with a bladder cuff.

Methods: A total of 1,349 patients with localized UTUC (Ta-4N0M0) from a retrospective multi-institutional cohort were studied.

CB1 Receptor Signaling Modulates Amygdalar Plasticity during Context-Cocaine Memory Reconsolidation to Promote Subsequent Cocaine Seeking.

Contextual drug-associated memories precipitate craving and relapse in cocaine users. Such associative memories can be weakened through interference with memory reconsolidation, a process by which memories are maintained following memory retrieval-induced destabilization. We hypothesized that cocaine-memory reconsolidation requires cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) signaling based on the fundamental role of the endocannabinoid system in synaptic plasticity and emotional memory processing.

Leptin stimulates synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons via KLF4 and SOCS3 inhibition of STAT3 signaling.

Normal development of neuronal connections in the hippocampus requires neurotrophic signals, including the cytokine leptin. During neonatal development, leptin induces formation and maturation of dendritic spines, the main sites of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms for leptin-induced synaptogenesis are not entirely understood.

A case report of unilocular cystic mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma with mural tumor nodule.

Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma (MTSCC) is a rare type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Classic type of MTSCC is characterized by small, elongated tubules lined by clear cuboidal or spindle cells with mucinous stroma. The neoplastic cells are always low-grade histological features.

Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Cryoablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Renal Allograft: First Case in Asia.

Nephron-sparing treatment should be offered whenever possible to avoid dialysis in allograph cases. Cryoablation is a new treatment option for treating small-sized renal cell cancer (RCCs). We report a case of RCC arising in a kidney allograft treated by cryoablation.

T1a renal cell carcinoma on unenhanced CT: analysis of detectability and imaging features.

Background: Increasing use of unenhanced computed tomography (CT) has been associated with the increasing incidental detection of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at an earlier stage.

Purpose: To evaluate the characteristics in detecting and differentiating T1a RCCs on unenhanced CT.

Material And Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 68 patients with 68 T1a RCCs and 39 benign regions.

Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma with SFPQ/PSF-TFE3 fusion gene: A case report with unusual histopathologic findings.

Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma (Xp11tRCC) is a subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) characterized by chromosomal rearrangement of the region harboring the transcription factor for immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer 3 (TFE3). Xp11tRCCs comprises 20% to 40% of RCCs of children and adolescents and is generally associated with good prognosis.