Injectable hydrogel with miR-222-engineered extracellular vesicles ameliorates myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury via mechanotransduction.

Cardiac ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) significantly exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, causing high mortality. Despite the severity of IRI, effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. Acellular cardiac patches have shown considerable efficacy in delivering therapeutics directly to cardiac tissues.