Combination of conformal radiotherapy and intratumoral injection of adoptive dendritic cell immunotherapy in refractory hepatoma.

A phase 1 study was conducted to assess the safety and immunologic response induced by direct injection of autologous immature dendritic cells (DCs) into tumor under radiotherapy in advanced hepatoma patients. Patients with advanced/metastatic stage hepatoma not suitable for surgery or transarterial embolization were enrolled. Groups of patients received two vaccinations.