Modulating mTOR-dependent astrocyte substate transitions to alleviate neurodegeneration.

Traditional approaches to studying astrocyte heterogeneity have mostly focused on analyzing static properties, failing to identify whether subtypes represent intermediate or final states of reactive astrocytes. Here we show that previously proposed neuroprotective and neurotoxic astrocytes are transitional states rather than distinct subtypes, as revealed through time-series multiomic sequencing. Neuroprotective astrocytes are an intermediate state of the transition from a nonreactive to a neurotoxic state in response to neuroinflammation, a process regulated by the mTOR signaling pathway.

The complete chloroplast genome of (Polypodiaceae), an important ornamental and medical fern.

is an important ornamental and medical fern from Polypodiaceae. Its complete chloroplast genome sequence was characterized through assembly with Illumina sequencing data. The genome size is 158,174 bp, with large single copy (LSC, 82,479 bp) and small single copy (SSC, 21,723 bp) regions separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IR, 26,986 bp).