Stigmasterol as a potential biomarker for amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania donovani.

Background: Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, is the primary causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis. Toxicity and increased resistance to existing drugs have led to an urgent need for identifying new drugs and drug targets. Understanding the risks and mechanisms of resistance is of great importance.

A Plant like Cytochrome P450 Subfamily CYP710C1 Gene in Leishmania donovani Encodes Sterol C-22 Desaturase and its Over-expression Leads to Resistance to Amphotericin B.

Background: Leishmania donovani is a protozoan parasite, a primary causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Sterol produced via the mevalonate pathway, show differences in composition across biological kingdoms. The specific occurrence of Δ22-unsaturated sterols, containing a double bond at the C-22 position in the side chain occurs in fungi as ergosterol and as stigmasterol in plants.

Use of a Potential Probiotic, L4, in the Preparation of Fermented Coconut Water Beverage.

Coconut water (CW) is a clear, nutritive liquid found as the coconut endosperm of green coconuts such as L., and its widespread consumption owes to its unique composition of sugars, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones. Probiotic fermentation of CW may facilitate the development of an improved functional beverage with probiotic benefits; therefore, we aimed to produce a fermented CW beverage using the potential probiotic L4.

Leishmania donovani Parasites Are Inhibited by the Benzoxaborole AN2690 Targeting Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase.

Visceral leishmaniasis is an important public health threat in parts of India. It is caused by a protozoan parasite, Currently available drugs manifest severe side effects. Hence, there is a need to identify new drug targets and drugs.

Use of a Potential Probiotic, L7, for the Preparation of a Rice-Based Fermented Beverage.

This study aimed to isolate potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria from a traditional rice-based fermented beverage "bhaati jaanr" and to evaluate their role during preparation of the beverage. Among various isolates, strain L7 exhibited satisfactory probiotic characteristics such as acid resistance and bile tolerance, cell surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, antibiotic susceptibility, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, performance of L7 as a starter culture in rice fermentation was determined during a 6-day rice fermentation study.

Role of VS16-Derived Biosurfactant in Mediating Immune Responses in Carp Rohu and its Application to the Food Industry.

Multifarious applications of VS16-derived biosurfactant were explored. fingerlings were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing purified biosurfactant at 0 (control), 55 (S55), 110 (S110), 220 (S220), or 330 (S330) μg mL concentrations.

Pinocembrin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in Labeo rohita macrophages via the suppression of the NF-κB signalling pathway.

Pinocembrin is a flavonoid that has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological and biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. To explore the anti-inflammatory activity of pinocembrin in a fish cell line, we investigated its ability to regulate the inflammatory mediators elevated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Labeo rohita head-kidney (HK) macrophages. HK macrophages of L.

Role of Bacillus subtilis VSG4-derived biosurfactant in mediating immune responses in Labeo rohita.

This study aimed to isolate biosurfactant from CO2-sequestering Bacillus subtilis VSG4 and to evaluate its immunostimulatory effect in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.

Protective effects of leucine against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in Labeo rohita fingerlings.

The present study investigated the protective effects of leucine against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in Labeo rohita (rohu) in vivo and in vitro. Primary hepatocytes, isolated from the hepatopancreas, were exposed to different concentrations of LPS for 24 h to induce an inflammatory response, and the protective effects of leucine against LPS-induced inflammation were studied. Finally, we investigated the efficiency of dietary leucine supplementation in attenuating an immune challenge induced by LPS in vivo.

Immunotoxicological effects of cadmium on Labeo rohita, with emphasis on the expression of HSP genes.

The present study evaluated the effects of exposure (28 days) to a sub-lethal concentration of cadmium (Cd) (0.65 mg CdCl2 L(-1)) on the immune responses and expression of immune-related and heat shock protein (HSP) genes in Labeo rohita, an important aquacultured fish species. Among the immune parameters studied, significantly lower lysozyme activity was observed in fish 28 days post-exposure (dpe) to Cd as compared to control fish.

Heat-killed whole-cell products of the probiotic Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG2 strain affect in vitro cytokine expression in head kidney macrophages of Labeo rohita.

Present study was undertaken to investigate the efficiency of heat-killed whole-cell products (HKWCPs) of probiotic Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG2 strain in stimulating the cytokine responses in the head kidney (HK) macrophages of Labeo rohita. The HK macrophages were incubated with HKWCPs or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the responses of cytokine genes, namely interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-p35, IL-12p40, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at 2, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 h post-stimulation (hps). Among proinflammatory cytokines, significantly higher expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was observed at 8-24 hps, and 2-16 hps with HKWCPs, respectively, as compared to controls.

Chlorophytum borivilianum Polysaccharide Fraction Provokes the Immune Function and Disease Resistance of Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Chlorophytum borivilianum polysaccharide (CBP), as a dietary supplement administered at varying concentrations with feed (basal diet), on various cytokine-related responses in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Immune parameters and immune-related gene expressions were measured at 3rd, 4th, and 5th week after feeding. The results revealed that dietary administration of CBP at 0.

Effects of intracellular products of Bacillus subtilis VSG1 and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 on cytokine responses in the head kidney macrophages of Labeo rohita.

The efficiency of intracellular products (ICPs) of the probiotics Bacillus subtilis VSG1 and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 in stimulating cytokine responses in the head kidney (HK) macrophages of Labeo rohita was investigated. The HK macrophages were incubated with ICPs and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the responses of cytokine genes, namely interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1β, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-18, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), interferon-1 (IFN-1), and IFN-γ were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-stimulation (hps). Among the proinflammatory cytokines, a strong increase in the gene expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was displayed mainly at 2-6 hps with ICPs, as compared to that of the positive control (LPS) or the negative control (PBS) (P < 0.

Flavonoid fraction of guava leaf extract attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response via blocking of NF-κB signalling pathway in Labeo rohita macrophages.

Psidium guajava L. is a well-known traditional medicinal plant widely used in folk medicine. To explore the anti-inflammatory activity of the flavonoid fraction of guava leaf extract (FGLE), we investigated its ability to suppress the levels of inflammatory mediators elevated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Labeo rohita head-kidney (HK) macrophages.

Effect of cellular products of potential probiotic bacteria on the immune response of Labeo rohita and susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

In the present study, the immunological efficacy of cellular components from the potential probiotic bacteria Bacillus subtilis VSG1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG2, and Lactobacillus plantarum VSG3 was evaluated in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were immunized intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL phosphate-buffer solution (PBS) containing 0.

Effect of dietary leucine on the growth parameters and expression of antioxidant, immune, and inflammatory genes in the head kidney of Labeo rohita fingerlings.

The present investigation evaluated the effects of dietary leucine (Leu) on growth performance, head kidney antioxidant status, and gene expression in Labeo rohita juveniles. Fish were fed with six isonitrogenous diets containing graded levels of Leu at 0.75 (control), 1.

Effect of guava leaves on the growth performance and cytokine gene expression of Labeo rohita and its susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Psidium guajava L. (guava) leaves on the growth and immune response of the fish species Labeo rohita and its susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Diets containing five different concentrations of guava leaves (0% [basal diet], 0.

Production and characterization of a thermostable bioflocculant from Bacillus subtilis F9, isolated from wastewater sludge.

A bacterium isolated from wastewater sludge, identified as Bacillus subtilis F9, was confirmed to produce bioflocculant with excellent flocculation activity. The effects of culture conditions such as initial pH, temperature, carbon source, nitrogen source, and inoculum size on bioflocculant production were studied here. The results indicated that 2.

Role of HSP70 in cytoplasm protection against thermal stress in rohu, Labeo rohita.

To understand the function of HSP70 of Labeo rohita (LrHSP70) in cellular protection, LrHSP70 ORF cDNA was inserted into the plasmid of pET-32a(+) or pEGFP-L1. Then, the recombinant plasmids were transformed or transfected into Escherichia coli cells, mouse myeloma cells (MPC-11) or fish hepatoma cells (PLHC-1). Western blot results revealed that LrHSP70 was expressed in E.

Effects of dietary supplementation of potential probiotic Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG-2 on the innate immunity and disease resistance of tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita.

The effects of dietary Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSG-2 supplementation on innate immunity and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila infection were evaluated in Labeo rohita. Fish were fed for 60 days with control diet or 3 experimental diets containing P. aeruginosa VSG-2 at 10(5), 10(7), and 10(9) cfu g(-l), respectively.

Antagonistic Activity of Cellular Components of Potential Probiotic Bacteria, Isolated from the Gut of Labeo rohita, Against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The objective of this study was to characterise the antagonistic activity of cellular components of potential probiotic bacteria isolated from the gut of healthy rohu (Labeo rohita), a tropical freshwater fish, against the fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. Three potential probiotic strains (referred to as R1, R2, and R5) were screened using a well diffusion, and their antagonistic activity against A. hydrophila was determined.

Purification and partial characterization of a detergent and oxidizing agent stable alkaline protease from a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis VSG-4 of tropical soil.

An extracellular detergent tolerant protease producing strain VSG-4 was isolated from tropical soil sample and identified as Bacillus subtilis based on morphological, biochemical characteristics as well as 16S-rRNA gene sequencing. The VSG-4 protease was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and sephadex G-200 gel permeation chromatography with a 17.4 purification fold.