Immune modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolites in chronic hepatitis B.

The gut microbiota is a diverse ecosystem consisting of 100 trillion microbiomes. The interaction between the host's gut and distal organs profoundly impacts various functions such as metabolism, immunity, neurology, and nutrition within the human body. The liver, as the primary immune organ, plays a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis by receiving a significant influx of gut-derived components and toxins.