Multicentre prospective, randomised open-label, endpoint-blinded study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of propranolol for the prevention of stroke-associated pneumonia in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (PROCHASE): rationale and design.

Background: Stroke-induced transient immune suppression is believed to contribute to post-stroke infections. The β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol, has been shown to prevent stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) via reversing post-stroke immunosuppression in preclinical studies and in retrospective analysis in stroke patients. However, whether propranolol can reduce the risk of SAP has not been tested in prospective, randomised controlled trials.

[Arthroscopic triangular fibrocartilage complex trimming combined with oblique osteotomy shortening of distal ulna for ulnar impact syndrome].

Objective: To explore clinical effect of arthroscopic modification of triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) combined with oblique osteotomy shortening of distal ulna in treating ulna impact syndrome.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 49 patients with ulnar impingement syndrome admitted from 2017 to 2021, 3 patients were lost to follow-up, and 46 patients were finally included in study, including 23 males and 23 females, aged from 21 to 53 years old with an average of (36.5±3.

Brain lesion characteristics in Chinese multiple sclerosis patients: A 7-T MRI cohort study.

Objective: Prevalence, susceptibility genes, and clinical and radiological features may differ across different ethnic groups of multiple sclerosis (MS). We aim to characterize brain lesions in Chinese patients with MS by use of 7-T MRI.

Methods: MS participants were enrolled from the ongoing China National Registry of Neuro-Inflammatory Diseases (CNRID) cohort.

Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis: global health considerations.

The differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis can present specific challenges in patients from Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, eastern Europe, southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. In these areas, environmental factors, genetic background, and access to medical care can differ substantially from those in North America and western Europe, where multiple sclerosis is most common. Furthermore, multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria have been developed primarily using data from North America and western Europe.

Proteomics analysis of immune response-related proteins in Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP).

The objective is to characterize differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) through high-throughput analysis. Sera from 11 healthy controls (HCs), 21 GBS and 19 CIDP patients were subjected to Olink Proteomics Analysis. In the comparison between CIDP and GBS groups, up-regulation of ITM2A and down-regulation of NTF4 were observed.

Colchicine in patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (CHANCE-3): multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy and safety of colchicine versus placebo on reducing the risk of subsequent stroke after high risk non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack within the first three months of symptom onset (CHANCE-3).

Design: Multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial.

Setting: 244 hospitals in China between 11 August 2022 and 13 April 2023.

Distinct virtual histology of grey matter atrophy in four neuroinflammatory diseases.

Grey matter (GM) atrophies are observed in multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders [NMOSD; both anti-aquaporin-4 antibody-positive (AQP4+) and -negative (AQP4-) subtypes] and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). Revealing the pathogenesis of brain atrophy in these disorders would help their differential diagnosis and guide therapeutic strategies. To determine the neurobiological underpinnings of GM atrophies in multiple sclerosis, AQP4+ NMOSD, AQP4- NMOSD and MOGAD, we conducted a virtual histology analysis that links T1-weighted image derived GM atrophy and gene expression using a multicentre cohort of 324 patients with multiple sclerosis, 197 patients with AQP4+ NMOSD, 75 patients with AQP4- NMOSD, 47 patients with MOGAD and 2169 healthy control subjects.

Cortical Microhemorrhage Presentation of Small Vessel Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System.

Objective: Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare vasculitis restricted to the brain, spinal cord, and leptomeninges. This study aimed to describe the imaging characteristics of patients with small vessel PACNS (SV-PACNS) using 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: This ongoing prospective observational cohort study included patients who met the Calabrese and Mallek criteria and underwent 7 T MRI scan.

Multiplex proteomics identifies inflammation-related plasma biomarkers for aging and cardio-metabolic disorders.

Background: Cardio-metabolic disorders (CMDs) are common in aging people and are pivotal risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of CVDs and aging, but the underlying inflammatory molecular phenotypes in CMDs and aging are still unknown.

Method: We utilized multiple proteomics to detect 368 inflammatory proteins in the plasma of 30 subjects, including healthy young individuals, healthy elderly individuals, and elderly individuals with CMDs, by Proximity Extension Assay technology (PEA, O-link).

Central vein sign and trigeminal lesions of multiple sclerosis visualised by 7T MRI.

Background: Although trigeminal nerve involvement is a characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS), its prevalence across studies varies greatly due to MRI resolution and cohort selection bias. The mechanism behind the site specificity of trigeminal nerve injury is still unclear. We aim to determine the prevalence of trigeminal nerve involvement in patients with MS in a consecutive 7T brain MRI cohort.

Potential Protein Signatures for Recurrence Prediction of Ischemic Stroke.

Background: Acute ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, with approximately 7.4% to 7.7% recurrence within the first 3 months.

APOE from patient-derived astrocytic extracellular vesicles alleviates neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in a mouse model.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune astrocytopathy of the central nervous system, mediated by antibodies against aquaporin-4 water channel protein (AQP4-Abs), resulting in damage of astrocytes with subsequent demyelination and axonal damage. Extracellular communication through astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) has received growing interest in association with astrocytopathies. However, to what extent ADEVs contribute to NMOSD pathogenesis remains unclear.

Susceptibility-weighted image features in AQP4-negative-NMOSD versus MS.

Objective: To characterize the susceptibility-weighted image (SWI) features including paramagnetic rim and nodular lesions with signal intensity changes and central vein sign (CVS) associated with aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-immunoglobulin G (IgG)-negative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and explore whether they can be used as potential imaging biomarkers for differentiating multiple sclerosis (MS) from this disorder.

Methods: We prospectively recruited NMOSD with AQP4-IgG-negative (AQP4- NMOSD) and IgG-positive (AQP4+ NMOSD), and MS subjects from the Clinical and Imaging Patterns of Neuroinflammation Diseases in China (CLUE) project (NCT0410683) between 2019 and 2021. The SWI features including paramagnetic rim and nodular lesions with signal intensity changes and CVS were analyzed and compared among groups, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were determined for distinguishing MS from AQP4- NMOSD.

Bruton's tyrosine kinase-bearing B cells and microglia in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that involves B-cell receptor signaling as well as astrocyte-microglia interaction, which both contribute to evolution of NMOSD lesions.

Main Body: Through transcriptomic and flow cytometry analyses, we found that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a crucial protein of B-cell receptor was upregulated both in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of NMOSD patients. Blockade of BTK with zanubrutinib, a highly specific BTK inhibitor, mitigated the activation and maturation of B cells and reduced production of causal aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibodies.

Plasma Reference Ranges for Brain Injury Biomarkers (NfL, NfH, MCP-1, and MMP-9) in Healthy Chinese.

Background: Brain injury triggers neuroaxonal injury and neural death, that leads to the development of secondary sequelae. Throughout this process, brain injury factors released into circulation via the injured neurovascular unit are important prognostic parameters. Plasma NfL, NfH, MCP-1, and MMP-9 have been identified as potential indicators in this regard.

Microglia-derived CCL20 deteriorates neurogenesis following intraventricular hemorrhage.

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) commonly occurs as an extension of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) into the brain ventricular system, leading to worse outcomes without effective management. Using a mouse model of IVH, we found that impaired neurogenesis is evident in the subventricular zone (SVZ), along with persistent microglia activation, leukocyte infiltration and cell death. Pharmacological depletion of microglia using PLX3397, an inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), promotes neurogenesis, and alleviated delayed functional impairments in IVH mice.

White matter disease derived from vascular and demyelinating origins.

Damage or microstructural alterations of the white matter can cause dysfunction of the intrinsic neural networks in a condition termed as white matter disease (WMD). Frequently detected on brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans, WMD is commonly presented in inflammatory demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) and vascular diseases such as cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Prevention of MS and CSVD progression requires early treatments with drastically different medications and approaches, as such, early and accurate diagnosis of WMD, derived from vascular or demyelinating etiologies, is of paramount importance.