Pituitary adenoma with posterior area invasion of cavernous sinus: surgical anatomy, approach, and outcomes.

We found a series of Knosp grade 3A-4 pituitary adenomas in the posterior areas of the cavernous sinus (CS), a triangular-like structure on axial MRI. In this study, we dissected the surrounding neurovascular structure, discussed the surgical approach, and analyzed outcomes for patients with this invasion into this area. Eight embalmed adult cadaveric specimens were prepared for this study to demonstrate in detail the surgical anatomy related to this triangular-like structure.

Anatomical study of a surgical approach through the neck to the jugular foramen under endoscopy.

Objectives: To investigate the feasibility of an endoscopic surgical approach through the neck to the jugular foramen, to determine the relevant techniques and extent of exposure, and to provide a new surgical approach with minimal trauma.

Methods: Nine cadaveric head specimens with attached necks were fixed with 10% formalin solution. Two of the heads were fixed and injected with colored silicone rubber.

Upregulation of Connexin 40 Mediated by Nitric Oxide Attenuates Cerebral Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via the Nitric Oxide-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Protein Kinase G Pathway.

Objective: The present study was performed to elucidate the role of nitric oxide (NO) and connexin 40 (Cx40) in the induction of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in vivo.

Methods: A SAH rat model was established using the double-bleed method. A total of 108 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 6 groups: SAH; SAH plus diethylenetriamine (DETA)/NO (exogenous NO donor); SAH plus 8-bromoadenosine (8-Br)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP; protein kinase G [PKG] activator); SAH plus DETA/NO plus KT5823 (PKG inhibitor); SAH plus DETA/NO plus 40Gap27 (Cx40 inhibitor); and sham.