Analgesic effects of sterile water injection in the management of low back pain during labor: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Sterile water injections (SWIs) as a non-pharmacologic and cost-effective method have been adopted to relieve low back labor pain (LBLP).

Objective: To compare the efficacy of intradermal and subdermal SWIs in the treatment of LBLP.

Search Strategy: Three databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect) were searched to find relevant articles using two terms, "labor" and "sterile water".