The Relationship Between 10-year Changes in Cognitive Ability and Subsequent Mortality: Findings from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) Trial.

Cognitive ability and cognitive decline are related to mortality in older adults. Cognitive interventions have been found to improve cognitive performance and slow cognitive decline in later life. However, the longitudinal effects of cognitive interventions on mortality in older adults remain unclear.

Does Consumer Credit Precede or Follow Health Among Older Adults? An Investigation in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) Trial.

Background And Objectives: Consumer credit has shown increasing relevance to the health of older adults; however, studies have not been able to assess the extent to which creditworthiness influences future health or health influences future creditworthiness. We assessed the relationships between 4-year pre and postmorbid consumer credit history and self-rated physical and mental health outcomes among older adults.

Research Design And Methods: Generalized estimating equations models assessed pre and postmorbid credit history (credit scores, derogatory accounts, and unpaid accounts in collections) and the onset of poor self-rated health (SF-36 score <50) among 1,740 participants aged 65+ in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study from 2001 to 2017, linked to TransUnion consumer credit data.

The ACTIVE Study: Association of Race and Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) with Long-Term Outcomes and Cognitive Training Effects.

The purpose of this article is to introduce a special issue on the ACTIVE project examining the association between race and social determinants of health (SDoH) and long-term participant outcomes and training effectiveness for older Black/African Americans and Whites in the ACTIVE (for Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly) Trial on cognitive abilities, everyday functioning, and incidence of dementia. The ACTIVE study is the largest randomized clinical trial ( = 2802) of the efficacy of three types of cognitive training (memory, reasoning, speed of processing) in improving cognitive and everyday functioning in normal older adults, with follow-ups extending through 5 and 10 years post-intervention. We provide background and context for studying the multiple domains of SDoH in understanding long-term participant outcomes in the ACTIVE trial and racial disparities in the efficacy of cognitive training and summarize the 11 articles in this special issue.

Does Consumer Credit Precede or Follow Changes in Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults? An Investigation in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) Trial.

Objectives: We assessed the relationships between pre- and post-morbid consumer credit history (credit scores, debts unpaid, or in collections) and classification of mild (or greater) cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: Generalized Estimating Equation models assessed pre-and post-morbid credit history and MCI risk among 1740 participants aged 65+ in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study, linked to TransUnion consumer credit data.

Results: Each 50-point increase in credit score was associated with up to 8% lower odds of MCI in the next 3 years.

Effects of Cognitive Training on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias: The Moderating Role of Social Determinants of Health.

We examined whether social determinants of health (SDoH) are associated with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) risk and the effects of cognitive training over a 20-year follow-up period. Data were obtained from 1605 participants in ACTIVE. SDoH measures were created using baseline data at the individual and neighborhood level.

Instability in longitudinal sleep duration predicts cognitive impairment in aged participants of the Seattle Longitudinal Study.

Importance: Sleep disturbances and clinical sleep disorders are associated with all-cause dementia and neurodegenerative conditions. It remains unclear how longitudinal changes in sleep impact the incidence of cognitive impairment.

Objective: To evaluate how longitudinal sleep patterns contribute to age-related changes in cognitive function in healthy adults.

Beyond Big Five trait domains: Stability and change in personality facets across midlife and old age.

Objective: Accumulated evidence indicates both stable and malleable parts of inter-individual differences in the broad Big Five domains. Less is known, however, about stability and change at the more diversified facet level. With the current study, we fill this gap by investigating personality stability and change across midlife and old age.

Evaluating Social Determinants of Health Domains and Their Predictive Validity Within Black/African American and White Older Adults From the ACTIVE Trial.

Objective: To assess domains of social determinants of health (SDoH) and their associations with cognition and quality of life.

Method: This investigation uses baseline data from individuals participating in the ACTIVE trial ( = 2505) to reproduce the SDoH domains described in Healthy People 2030 (economic stability, health care, education, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context). Results support using data from the ACTIVE trial to assess all five SDoH domains, and the ability of the composites to predict baseline performance on measures of cognition and self-reported quality of life within a sample of older adults.

Rural-Urban Differences in Cognition: Findings From the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Trial.

ObjectivesWe examined associations between three geographic areas (urban, suburban, rural) and cognition (memory, reasoning, processing speed) over a 10-year period. Data were obtained from 2539 participants in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) trial. Multilevel, mixed-effects linear regression was used to estimate cognitive trajectories by geographical areas over 10 years, after adjusting for social determinants of health.

Long-Term Effects of Cognitive Training on All-Cause Mortality in US Older Adults.

Cognitive abilities have been implicated as predictors of mortality in older adults. This study examines the effects of cognitive training on mortality 20 years post-intervention. Data come from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) randomized control trial (N = 2802).

Acting Like a Baby Boomer? Birth-Cohort Differences in Adults' Personality Trajectories During the Last Half a Century.

Society and developmental theory generally assume that there are wide generational differences in personality. Yet evidence showing historical change in the levels of adult Big Five traits is scarce and particularly so for developmental change. We tracked adult trajectories of personality in 4,732 participants (age: = 52.

Is more always better? Dose effect in a multidomain intervention in older adults at risk of dementia.

Background: Little is known regarding the dose-response function in multidomain interventions for dementia prevention.

Method: The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial is a 3-year randomized controlled trial comprising cognitive training, physical activity, nutrition, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for at-risk older adults. The dose delivered (number of sessions attended) was modeled against global cognition, memory, and fluency in 749 participants.

Disparities in First Instrumental Activity of Daily Living Difficulty between Black and White Older Adults: Findings from the Advanced Cognitive Training in Independent and Vital Elderly Study.

Few studies have examined differences in age of onset of first self-reported instrumental activities of daily living difficulty, much less differences by race. Our objective was to determine whether there are differences in the first reported difficulty with IADLs between Black and white older adults. We analyzed data from = 1168 participants in the Advanced Cognitive Training in Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study.

Is Healthy Neuroticism Associated with Health Behaviors? A Coordinated Integrative Data Analysis.

Current literature suggests that neuroticism is positively associated with maladaptive life choices, likelihood of disease, and mortality. However, recent research has identified circumstances under which neuroticism is associated with positive outcomes. The current project examined whether "healthy neuroticism", defined as the interaction of neuroticism and conscientiousness, was associated with the following health behaviors: smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity.

Application of neuropsychological criteria to classify mild cognitive impairment in the active study.

Comprehensive neuropsychological criteria (NP criteria) for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has reduced diagnostic errors and better predicted progression to dementia than conventional MCI criteria that rely on a single impaired score and/or subjective report. This study aimed to implement an actuarial approach to classifying MCI in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study. ACTIVE study participants ( = 2,755) were classified as cognitively normal (CN) or as having MCI using NP criteria.

Incident Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Difficulty in Older Adults: Which Comes First? Findings From the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Study.

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are complex daily tasks important for independent living. Many older adults experience difficulty with IADLs as their physical and/or cognitive function begins to decline. However, it is unknown in what order IADLs become difficult.

Adult development and aging in historical context.

Human functioning and development are shaped by sociocultural contexts and by the historical changes that occur in these contexts. Over the last century, sociocultural changes such as increases in early life education have profoundly reshaped normative developmental sequences. In this article, we first briefly review how history-graded changes have influenced levels of objective performance and subjective evaluations among older adults and conclude that old age in countries such as the United States and Germany is getting younger, both on behavioral measures and in people's own perception.

Cohort differences in cognitive aging: The role of perceived work environment.

Studies of historical and societal influences on cognitive aging generally document that later-born cohorts outperform earlier-born cohorts on tests of fluid cognitive performance. It is often noted how advances in educational attainment in childhood and adolescence may contribute to these historical improvements in cognitive aging. Less is known about the role of work environment in adulthood.

Mortality Risk Associated With Personality Facets of the Big Five and Interpersonal Circumplex Across Three Aging Cohorts.

Objective: To address the common reliance on the global Big Five domains in the personality and longevity literature, the present study examined mortality risk associated with subdimensions of Big Five domains as well as specific traits within the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) model of personality.

Methods: Data were drawn from three major longitudinal studies of aging that administered the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised, a comprehensive measure of the Big Five, and comprised a total of 4223 participants. Item Response Theory models were used to generate latent trait scores for each of the 30 Big Five facets and eight scales from the IPC.

Brain structure and cognitive ability in healthy aging: a review on longitudinal correlated change.

Little is still known about the neuroanatomical substrates related to changes in specific cognitive abilities in the course of healthy aging, and the existing evidence is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies. However, to understand the intricate dynamics between developmental changes in brain structure and changes in cognitive ability, longitudinal studies are needed. In the present article, we review the current longitudinal evidence on correlated changes between magnetic resonance imaging-derived measures of brain structure (e.

Is subjective memory specific for memory performance or general across cognitive domains? Findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study.

A growing body of research has examined whether people's judgments of their own memory functioning accurately reflect their memory performance at cross-section and over time. Relatively less is known about whether these judgments are specifically based on memory performance, or reflect general cognitive change. The aim of the present study was to examine longitudinal associations of subjective memory with performance in tests of episodic memory and a wide range of other cognitive tests, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Block Design, Comprehension, Digit Span, Digit Symbol, and Vocabulary subtests.