Classification and Morphological Variation of the Frontalis Muscle and Implications on the Clinical Practice.

Forehead aesthetics have a major contribution to the youthful appearance of the face. Restoration of the upper facial aesthetics is important to counteract the changes related to the ageing process. The interaction between the frontalis and its antagonists' muscles contributes to the overall aesthetic balance of the forehead.

The untold story of the scorching sun-A wake up call for sun protection.

Despite extensive warnings from health authorities regarding the dangers of direct sunlight exposure, most people still turn to sun bathing to get a golden tan. Unfortunately, that pleasant tan appearance is often lost because of over exposure to sunlight, resulting in painful red sunburns. In this paper we are reporting a case with significant sunburn injuries that required hospitalization and treatment in a burn center.

An anatomic basis for volumetric evaluation of the neck.

Background: A better understanding of volume distribution between the superficial (subcutaneous) and deep (subplatysmal) planes of the neck may be useful when deciding on the best course of management for patients presenting for cervical contouring.

Objectives: The authors investigate the normal distribution of fat in the superficial and deep planes of the neck in a cadaver model, to determine the proportion of the submandibular gland that contributes to submental fullness.

Methods: Fat in the superficial and deep neck planes of 29 adult cadavers was dissected and weighed.

Body-contouring with radiofrequency-assisted liposuction.

Liposculpturing is the most frequently performed procedure in the aesthetic clinical practice. The techniques have evolved into significant modification during the past few decades with introduction of several new devices, leading to superior outcome. Radiofrequency-assisted liposuction (RFAL) have revolutionised body contouring techniques by providing simultaneous fat liquefaction, coagulation of blood vessels, and skin tightening in the tissues.

Open neck lipectomy for patients with HIV-related cervical lipohypertrophy.

Background: The advent of effective antiviral medications has revolutionised the management of the HIV-infected patients. Although this has helped in achieving prolonged symptom control, high numbers of these patients are left with the stigmata of complications associated with the medication. Lipodystrophy, either as lipoatrophy or lipohypertrophy, is a known complication of long-term HIV infection and aggressive antiviral therapy, leading to significant physical and psychological morbidity in these patients.

Toe-to-hand transfer in a severely burned upper limb: a surgical dilemma.

Reconstruction of the burned thumb is a challenge to the plastic surgeon and the goal of the surgery is to achieve a functionally and aesthetically acceptable hand. We report a case of a patient who presented with extensive scarring of the upper limb and atrophic thumb due to severe burns and multiple surgical procedures. The patient had limited reconstructive options, and had a free toe-to-thumb transfer with successful outcome in a technically challenging situation 37 years after the injury.

Precision and symmetry in aesthetic plastic surgery "What Immortal hand or eye could frame thy fearful symmetry" (William Blake).

Attaining symmetry is indispensable for a successful aesthetic outcome of plastic surgical procedures. In this paper we propose a simple technique for accurate placement of markings during surgery. This technique is simple, quick and does not require any special instruments.

Early free tissue transfer following gangrene of the feet.

Bilateral below knee amputation following septicaemic foot gangrene may be avoided by limited amputation and bilateral immediate free flap reconstruction. This technique results in reduction in morbidity and early mobilisation.

The mystery of the split earlobe.

The ancient art of body piercing has rejuvenated in the recent years as part of the fashion process. The ear is the most frequent body part to be pierced to wear jewelry. Split earlobes are commonly presented to plastic surgeons and the recurrence rate is high.

Superficial sural artery flap--a study in 40 cases.

The distally based superficial sural artery flap is an important skin flap that can be used for soft tissue defects of the distal lower limb and proximal foot. It is a versatile flap, has a wide arc of rotation and requires minimal expertise. Forty patients with soft tissue defects of the lower leg due to various causes were treated with sural flaps and the results are discussed.

Injuries to children caused by burning rice husk.

A case study of injury to the feet of children from Sri Lanka due to burning husk is discussed. The hot husk causes deep burns on the dorsum of the feet and spares the plantar surface. The contractures caused by the burns lead to severe deformity, and are very resistant to treatment.