Fitzpatrick Skin Type Self Reporting Versus Provider Reporting: A Single-center, Survey-based Study.

Objective: The authors sought to compare the results in Fitzpatrick Skin Type (FST) reporting among providers, trainees, and patients. They discussed the implications of discordance in FST reporting among these groups.

Methods: This survey-based study was offered to all adult patients (18 years or older), dermatology residents, and dermatology faculty providers at University of Oklahoma Dermatology Clinic in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

CaMKII inhibition in the prefrontal cortex specifically increases the positive reinforcing effects of sweetened alcohol in C57BL/6J mice.

Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a multifunctional enzyme that is required for synaptic plasticity and has been proposed to be a primary molecular component of the etiology of alcohol addiction. Chronic alcohol intake upregulates CaMKIIα protein expression in reward-related brain regions including the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, and CaMKIIα activity in the amygdala is required for the positive reinforcing effects of alcohol, suggesting this system promotes consumption in the early stages of alcohol addiction. Alternatively, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to inhibit limbic activity via CaMKII-dependent excitatory projections and may, therefore, enable top-down regulation of motivation.