Analysis of wheat fungal community succession in traditional storage structures using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology.

The diversity of fungi in wheat with different deoxynivalenol (DON) content at various periods post-harvest and in the environment of storage were investigated. The changes in DON content were measured with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and an amplicon sequence analysis of fungi was performed in traditional storage structures using high-throughput sequencing. The changes in temperature, humidity, and CO concentration were collected by sensors.

A Hydrolase Produced by HQ Is Responsible for the Detoxification of Zearalenone.

Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin, is one of the prevalent contaminants found in food and feed, posing risks to human and animal health. In this study, we isolated a ZEN-degrading strain from soil and identified it as HQ. Analysis of degradation products clarified the mechanism by which HQ degrades ZEN.

Interactions among the composition changes in fungal communities and the main mycotoxins in simulated stored wheat grains.

Background: There are significant food safety risks associated with wheat spoilage due to fungal growth and mycotoxin contamination. Nevertheless, a few studies have examined how stored wheat grain microbial communities and mycotoxins vary in different storage conditions. In this study, changes in deoxynivalenol (DON) and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) content were measured with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), and an amplicon sequence analysis of fungi was performed on stored wheat grains from different storage conditions using high-throughput sequencing.

Antifungal activities of a novel triazole fungicide, mefentrifluconazole, against the major maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides.

Fusarium ear rot (FER) is a serious fungal disease occurring the late growth stage of maize. FER not only reduces the yield of maize but also causes mycotoxin contamination, which affects the quality of maize and threatens human and animal health. Fusarium verticillioides is the predominant causative pathogen of FER worldwide.

Paralogous FgIDO genes with differential roles in tryptophan catabolism, fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido) is a tryptophan-degrading enzyme that is widely distributed across species. Ido catalyzes the first step of tryptophan (TRP) degradation and drives the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) coenzymes via the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a single IDO gene (BNA2) that is responsible for NAD synthesis, whereas a number of fungal species contain multiple IDO genes.

Antifungal activities of metconazole against the emerging wheat pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum.

Fusarium crown rot of wheat is a serious fungal disease that occurs worldwide. The disease has been emerging in the major wheat-growing areas in China since 2010. Fusarium pseudogramineaum is the predominant causative pathogen of crown rot of wheat in China.

New Hydrolase from sp. HA for the Biodegradation of Zearalenone: Identification, Mechanism, and Application.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin most frequently found in cereals that can cause reproductive disorders in livestock and pose a severe threat to animal husbandry. In this study, we isolated a ZEN-degrading strain from soil and found that ZenH, a hydrolase, is responsible for the hydrolysis of ZEN through comparative proteomics and biochemical studies. ZenH exhibited the highest similarity with lactone hydrolase ZHD607 from at 21.

The effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts against urethane-induced lung cancer in rat model.

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world, and chemotherapy can have unfavorable side effects. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the therapeutic anticancer role of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts (MLE) in urethane-induced lung cancer in adult male albino rats as compared to standard chemotherapy. Rats were categorized into four groups (10 rats/group), including negative control rats, urethane lung cancer model rats, MLE-treated lung cancer rats, and cisplatin-treated rats.

Isolation, Characterization, and Application of F39 to Degrade Zearalenone under Anaerobic Conditions.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by spp. and is widely found in moldy wheat, corn, and other grains. ZEN has a strong toxicity and causes reproductive and immune disorders and estrogenic syndrome in animals and humans.

The autophagy-related proteins FvAtg4 and FvAtg8 are involved in virulence and fumonisin biosynthesis in .

Autophagy is the main intracellular degradation system by which cytoplasmic materials are transported to and degraded in the vacuole/lysosome of eukaryotic cells, and it also controls cellular differentiation and virulence in a variety of filamentous fungi. However, the contribution of the autophagic pathway to fungal development and pathogenicity in the important maize pathogen and mycotoxigenic fungus is still unknown. In this study, we characterized two autophagy-related proteins, FvAtg4 and FvAtg8.

Rapid detection of fumonisin B and B in ground corn samples using smartphone-controlled portable near-infrared spectrometry and chemometrics.

A portable near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer coupled with chemometrics for the detection of fumonisin B and B (FBs) in ground corn samples was proposed in the present work. A total of 173 corn samples were collected, and their FB contents were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. Partial least squares (PLS), support vector machine (SVM) and local PLS based on global PLS score (LPLS-S) algorithms were employed to construct quantitative models.

The Antioxidant Guaiacol Exerts Fungicidal Activity Against Fungal Growth and Deoxynivalenol Production in .

The main component of creosote obtained from dry wood distillation-guaiacol-is a natural antioxidant that has been widely used in pharmaceutical and food preservation applications. However, the antifungal mechanism of guaiacol against phytopathogens remains unclear. In this study, we found that guaiacol exerts inhibitory effects against mycelial growth, conidial formation and germination, and deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis in in a dose-dependent manner.

A direct competitive nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on MnO nanosheets as a catalytic label for the determination of fumonisin B.

A direct competitive nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dcNLISA) based on MnO nanosheets (MnO NSs) as a nanozyme label was developed for the highly sensitive determination of fumonisin B (FB). MnO NS-labeled fumonisin B-bovine serum albumin was easily synthesized as a competing antigen for the dcNLISA. And color changes derived from the MnO-3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) system were exploited as the output signals of the dcNLISA.

Improved Whole-Genome Sequence of , the Fungal Pathogen Causing Fusarium Head Blight in Rice.

Members of the species complex (FGSC) cause extensive yield losses in cereal production worldwide, and food safety concerns due to the accumulation of toxins in infected grains. Among these pathogens, is responsible for Fusarium head blight of wheat and rice, ear and stalk rot of maize, and pod blight of soybean. Here, we present an improved genome assembly of strain SR5 isolated from rice in China based on PacBio long-read sequencing and Illumina short-read sequencing technology.

Modified Rice Straw as Adsorbent Material to Remove Aflatoxin B1 from Aqueous Media and as a Fiber Source in Fino Bread.

The aims of the current work are in large part the benefit of rice straw to be used as adsorbent material and natural source of fiber in Fino bread. The rice straw was subjected to high temperature for modification process and the chemical composition was carried out and the native rice straw contained about 41.15% cellulose, 20.

Ability of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus reuteri to protect against oxidative stress in rats fed aflatoxins-contaminated diet.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been reported to remove mycotoxins from aqueous solutions through a binding process, which appears to be species and strain specific. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective role of Lactobacillus casei (L1) and Lactobacillus reuteri (L2) against aflatoxin (AFs)-induced oxidative stress in rats. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups including the control group and the groups treated with L1 or L2 (1 x 10¹¹/ml) alone at a dose of 10 ml/kg b.

Antioxidant properties of Thymus vulgaris oil against aflatoxin-induce oxidative stress in male rats.

The leafy parts of thyme and its essential oil have been used in foods for the flavor, aroma and preservation and also in folk medicines. The aim of the current study was to determine the components of Thymus vulgaris L essential oil and to evaluate the protective effects of this oil against aflatoxin-induce oxidative stress in rats. Thirty six mature male Sprague-Dawley were divided into six treatment groups and treated for 2 weeks as follows: control group; the groups treated orally with low and high doses of T.

Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects of whey protein and Spirulina in rats.

Objectives: The aims of the present study were to evaluate the antioxidant, radical scavenging, and metal-chelating activity of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and Spirulina alone or in combination in vitro and to evaluate their hepatoprotective effects against CCl(4) in vivo.

Methods: Five concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/100 mL) of WPC, Spirulina, and their combination were tested in vitro. In the in vivo study, eight groups of male rats comprised the control group and the groups treated with WPC, Spirulina alone, or in combination with or without CCl(4) were used.

Aquilegia vulgaris L. extract counteracts oxidative stress and cytotoxicity of fumonisin in rats.

Exposure to fumonisins (FB) is known to have toxic and carcinogenic effects in different animal species, and to express toxicity in cells via the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective effects of the ethanol extract of Aquilegia vulgaris L. against the oxidative stress and the genotoxicity using micronucleus assay and random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD-PCR) in FB-treated rats.

Red ginseng extract protects against aflatoxin B1 and fumonisins-induced hepatic pre-cancerous lesions in rats.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the chemoprevention effects of ginseng extract (GE) against pre-cancerous lesions in female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin (FB). Six experimental groups treated for 12 weeks and included: the control group; the GE alone-treated group (150 mg/kg b.w); the group treated orally with AFB1 (17 microg/kg b.