Comparative Removal of Poliovirus, Rotavirus SA11 and MS2 Coliphage by Point-of-Use Devices used to Treat Drinking Water and Water Disinfectants: A Review.

Test protocols have been developed to test water treatment devices/systems for use for treating drinking water that are used at the individual and home level to ensure the removal of waterborne viruses. Current test procedures call for the use of poliovirus type 1 and/or rotavirus SA11. Recently we suggested that selected coliphages could be used as surrogates for poliovirus for testing of point-of-use (POU) water treatment devices, however, rotavirus was not used in those studies.

Effect of Nk-lysin peptides on bacterial growth, MIC, antimicrobial resistance, and viral activities.

NK-lysins from chicken, bovine and human are used as antiviral and antibacterial agents. Gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, including and , are susceptible to NK-lysin treatment. The presence of dominant TEM-1 gene was noted in all untreated and treated bacteria, while TOHO-1 gene was absent in all bacteria.

Cold atmospheric plasma: a sustainable approach to inactivating viruses, bacteria, and protozoa with remediation of organic pollutants in river water and wastewater.

Innovative technologies are needed to enhance access to clean water and avoid waterborne diseases. We investigated the performance of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), a clean and sustainable approach for microbial inactivation and total organic carbon (TOC) degradation in environmental water. Water matrices played a crucial role in the performance of CAP efficacy; for example, complete removal of ɸX174 from dHO required 1 min of treatment, while ɸX174 reductions of ~ 2log and 4log were obtained after 10 min of CAP exposure in river water and wastewater samples, respectively.

Applicability of crAssphage as a performance indicator for viral reduction during activated sludge wastewater treatment.

A major threat to water quality is the discharge of human-derived wastewater, which can cause waterborne illnesses associated with enteric viruses. A poor association exists between fecal indicator bacteria and virus fate in the environment, especially during wastewater treatment. In the current study, the potential of using a novel human gut bacteriophage crAssphage as a wastewater treatment process indicator was evaluated.

Removal of chemical and microbial water pollutants by cold plasma combined with Ag/TiO-rGO nanoparticles.

This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of the cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) and heterogeneous photocatalytic processes in an aqueous solution to enhance water purification efficacy and reduce the energy cost required by CAP. 0.1% Ag/TiO-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoparticles (NPs) photo-composite were prepared and fully characterized.

Etiology of diarrheal disease among children under 5 years in Egypt: a high incidence of human bocavirus.

Background: Human bocavirus (HBoV) is globally distributed and associated with respiratory and enteric infections. Limited data are available about the incidence of HBoV in Egyptian children. We aimed to investigate the association of HBoV genotypes in children with diarrheal disease and also to determine the possibility of HBoV co-infections with other human enteric pathogens.

Comparative Assessment of BGM and PLC/PRF/5 Cell Lines for Enteric Virus Detection in Biosolids.

The buffalo green monkey (BGM) cell line is required for the detection of enteric viruses in biosolids through a total culturable viral assay (TCVA) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In the present study, BGM and PLC/PRF/5 cell lines were evaluated for TCVA and for their use in determining the incidence of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in raw sludge and Class B biosolids. Six raw sludge and 17 Class B biosolid samples were collected from 13 wastewater treatment plants from seven U.

Modeling the role of fomites in a norovirus outbreak.

Norovirus accounts for a large portion of the gastroenteritis disease burden, and outbreaks have occurred in a wide variety of environments. Understanding the role of fomites in norovirus transmission will inform behavioral interventions, such as hand washing and surface disinfection. The purpose of this study was to estimate the contribution of fomite-mediated exposures to infection and illness risks in outbreaks.

Efficiency of Reovirus Concentration from Water with Positively Charged Filters.

This study examined the efficacy of reovirus concentration from large volumes of water using two positively charged filters: Zeta Plus 1MDS and NanoCeram. The results indicated that an average of 61 and 81% of input reoviruses were effectively recovered, respectively, from recycled water and tap water using NanoCeram filtration.

Comparative survival of viruses during thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion.

Micro-scale technology was used to obtain survival data for three animal viruses and two bacteriophages during anaerobic digestion. The data for adenoviruses, MS2 and Φ6 provide the first published reports for survival of these viruses during mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Data were also obtained for thermophilic digestion, which showed greater inactivation of viruses at the higher temperature.

Wide-spectrum activity of a silver-impregnated fabric.

Fabrics, such as clothing, drapes, pillowcases, and bedsheets are potential sources of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. We found fabrics (ie, professional clothing, pillowcases, and lab coats) treated with a silver-impregnated material to be effective in significantly reducing a wide spectrum of ordinary and drug-resistant microorganisms, including Salmonella, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Trichphyton mentagrophytes, and norovirus. Fabrics impregnated with antimicrobial agents help provide an additional barrier to the transport or reservoir of pathogens in health care environments.

Assessment of coliphage surrogates for testing drinking water treatment devices.

Test protocols have been developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to test water treatment devices/systems that are used at the individual and home levels to ensure the removal of waterborne viruses. The goal of this study was to assess if coliphage surrogates could be used in this testing in place of the currently required use of animal or human enteric viruses. Five different coliphages (MS-2, PRD1, ΦX-174, Qβ, and fr) were compared to the removal of poliovirus type 1 (LSc-2ab) by eight different water treatment devices/systems using a general case and a challenge case (high organic load, dissolved solids, and turbidity) test water as defined by the USEPA.

Simultaneous Concentration of Bovine Viruses and Agricultural Zoonotic Bacteria from Water Using Sodocalcic Glass Wool Filters.

Infiltration and runoff from manured agricultural fields can result in livestock pathogens reaching groundwater and surface waters. Here, we measured the effectiveness of glass wool filters to simultaneously concentrate enteric viruses and bacteria of bovine origin from water. The recovery efficiencies were determined for bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, bovine rotavirus group A, bovine coronavirus, poliovirus Sabin III, toxigenic Escherichia coli ,and Campylobacter jejuni seeded into water with three different turbidity levels (0.

Use of household bleach for emergency disinfection of drinking water.

Household bleach is typically used as a disinfectant for water in times of emergencies and by those engaging in recreational activities such as camping or rafting. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend a concentration of free chlorine of 1 mg/L for 30 minutes, or about 0.75 mL (1/8 teaspoon) of household bleach per gallon of water.

Assessment of a portable handheld UV light device for the disinfection of viruses and bacteria in water.

Effective individual microbiological water purifiers are needed for consumption of untreated water sources by campers, emergency use, military, and in developing counties. A handheld UV light device was tested to assess if it could meet the virus reduction requirements established by the United State Environmental Protection Agency, National Science Foundation and the World Health Organization. The device was found capable of inactivating at least 4 log₁₀ of poliovirus type 1, rotavirus SA-11 and MS-2 virus in 500 mL volumes of general case test water.