Evaluating the role of extracellular vesicles as a biomarker under transmission electron microscope in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia patients.

Objectives: To our knowledge, EVs (extracellular vesicles) are heterogenous encapsulated nanoparticles generated by the biological cells. EVs can be found in blood, urine and tissue of origin. They contain DNAs, RNAs, proteins specific to the cell of origin.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in previously operated patients: A prospective study.

Purpose: To determine the effect of previous renal stone surgery on result and complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

Materials And Methods: Total 300 patients were enrolled in the study. We enrolled 100 surgery-naive cases (those with no history of any renal surgery) as control and labeled them as Group A.

Retrospective comparison of outcomes of laparoscopic pyeloplasty using barbed suture versus nonbarbed suture: A single-center experience.

Introduction: laparoscopic pyeloplasty is an important tool in urology armamentarium. The most important & also the difficult part of this surgery is intracorporial suturing and knotting. There are only a few reports of knotless Barbed sutures for upper tract reconstruction.

The effect of closure versus nonclosure of lingual mucosa graft harvest site on postoperative morbidity in augmentation urethroplasty: A comparative study.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare postoperative morbidity of closure versus nonclosure of the lingual mucosa graft (LMG) harvest site in augmentation urethroplasty.

Materials And Methods: From January 2015 to November 2016, a total of 42 patients who underwent LMG urethroplasty randomized in 2 groups. In Group 1, donor-harvesting site was left open while in Group 2, donor site was closed.

Histopathological changes in oral mucosa in cases of failed augmented urethroplasty.

Objective: Histopathological changes in oral (buccal or lingual) mucosa after exposure to urine are still not completely understood. We evaluated these changes in free oral mucosal graft integrated in human urethra.

Material And Methods: Total 19 patients with recurrent urethral stricture after oral mucosa urethroplasty (buccal 12 and lingual 7) were prospectively evaluated.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of kidney with Level III inferior vena cava thrombus.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the kidney is an extremely rare renal neoplasm with only about 50 reported cases in the literature. These tumors behave aggressively and carry a poor prognosis. A 22 years female patient presented with right lumber and right hypochondrium lump of 4 months duration.

Assessment of factors affecting the spontaneous passage of lower ureteric calculus on the basis of lower ureteric calculus diameter, density, and plasma C- reactive protein level.

Introduction: The study aimed to evaluate the factors which affect the spontaneous passage of lower ureteric calculus on the basis of noncontrast computed tomography kidneys, ureters, and bladder (NCCT KUB) stone diameter, stone density, and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) level.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 200 patients with lower ureteric calculus 5-10 mm in size, from October 2015 to December 2016. All patients underwent NCCT KUB region with a 5 mm axial and reformatted coronal section.

Technique for single-stage reconstruction of obliterative or near-obliterative long urethral strictures in circumcised patients.

Purpose: To report our initial experience with urethral reconstruction using a combined dorsal lingual mucosal graft (LMG) and ventral onlay preputial flap for long obliterative or near-obliterative strictures in circumcised patients.

Materials And Methods: This was a retrospective study of 10 patients from January 2015 to June 2017 with long obliterative or near-obliterative anterior urethral strictures and circumcised prepuces. All patients underwent a combined approach using a dorsally LMG and a narrow preputial onlay flap ventrally to create a 26-30 Fr.

Comparison of safety and efficacy of silodosin, solifenacin, tadalafil and their combinations in the treatment of double-J stent- related lower urinary system symptoms: A prospective randomized trial.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of silodosin, solifenacin, tadalafil and their combinations in reducing double J (DJ) stent-related symptoms (SRS).

Material And Methods: A total of 335 patients who underwent DJ stenting and develop SRS at 1 week were randomized into eight groups. Ureteral stent symptom questionnaire (USSQ) and Quality of life (QOL) scores were noted in each group: Group A-Silodosin (8 mg OD)+ Solifenacin (10 mg OD)+ Tadalafil (5 mg OD), B - Silodosin 8 mg OD, C - Solifenacin 10 mg OD, D- Tadalafil 5 mg OD, E- Silodosin (8 mg OD) + Solifenacin (10 mg OD), F- Silodosin (8 mg 0D)+ Tadalafil (5 mg OD), G- Solifenacin (10 mg OD)+ Tadalafil (5 mg OD) and H-placebo.

STONE score versus Guy's Stone Score - prospective comparative evaluation for success rate and complications in percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Purpose: The aim of the current study was to compare Guy's score and STONE score in predicting the success and complication rate of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

Materials And Methods: A total of 445 patients were included in the study between July 2015 and December 2016. The patients were given STONE score and Guy's Stone Score (GSS) grades based on CT scan done preoperatively and intra- and post-operative complications were graded using the modified Clavien grading system.

Safety and efficacy of silodosin and tadalafil in ease of negotiation of large ureteroscope in the management of ureteral stone: A prosective randomized trial.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of silodosin and tadalafil in ease of negotiation of large size ureteroscope (8/9.8 Fr) in the management of ureteral stone.

Material And Methods: Between June 2015 and May 2016, 86 patients presented with ureteral stone of size 6-15 mm were on consent randomly assigned to 1 of 3 outpatient treatment arms: silodosin (Group A), tadalafil (Group B), and placebo (Group C).

Video Endoscopic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy vs Open Inguinal Lymphadenectomy for Carcinoma Penis: Expanding Role and Comparison of Outcomes.

Objective: To compare differences of morbidity profile, oncological yield, and efficacy between video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy and open inguinal lymphadenectomy cases.

Materials And Methods: A total of 29 patients with proven squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were selected for inguinal lymphadenectomy from August 2013 to January 2017. Video endoscopic lymphadenectomy was performed on 1 limb and open inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed on the contralateral side.

Crossed Fused Ectopic Kidney: A Case Report.

Crossed fused ectopic kidney is an unusual congenital malformation of the urinary tract. This condition is usually identified in the autopsy specimen rather than in general clinical scenario. In this condition, both kidneys are located on one side of the midline and are fused with each other.

Role of oestrogen receptor-α and -β in bladder tissue of patients with a clinical diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Objectives: To study the differential expression of oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in human urinary bladder tissue using immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods and to explore their correlation with various measures of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Methods: In this prospective case-control study, the case group comprised 34 patients with bothersome LUTS who underwent transurethral resection of prostate (TURP), while the control group comprised 19 age-matched, otherwise healthy patients who underwent cystoscopy to investigate microscopic haematuria. Cystoscopy and bladder biopsy were performed in both groups.

Prostatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma-A Rare Entity With Radiological Dilemma Demanding Endoscopic Biopsy.

This is a rare case of a prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A 75-year-old gentleman presented with complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms, constipation, and occasional hematuria. The clinical and radiological differentiations from other retroperitoneal soft cystic lesion were difficult, and fine needle aspiration cytology from the papillary solid components of the cyst was required to reach diagnosis.

Electron microscopic changes of detrusor in benign enlargement of prostate and its clinical correlation.

Aims: To study the ultra structural changes in bladder musculature in cases of BPE and their clinical relevance.

Material And Methods: In this descriptive longitudinal, controlled, observational study patients were enrolled into three groups, group 1, group 2A and group 2B. Control group (group-1) consisted of age matched normal male patients, who underwent surveillance or diagnostic cystoscopy for microscopic hematuria or irritative symptoms.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as a type IV renal cyst.

A 20-year-old woman presented to our outpatient clinic with a 5-week history of recurrent right lumbar back pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan showed a Bosniak class IV renal cyst. She was treated with radical nephrectomy.

Unusual Presentation of Prostate Carcinoma: A Case Report.

Prostate cancer is a common cancer in elderly men and it frequently metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and sometimes to bone. Very rarely in some of the cases it also shows involvement of non-regional lymph nodes like supra-diaphragmatic lymph nodes. In our report, we present a 60-year-old male, initially misdiagnosed as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) with cervical lymph node involvement may be due to infective region or inflammatory pathology, which was later found to have prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to supraclavicular lymph nodes.

Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen receptors in prostate and clinical correlation in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Purpose: Estrogens act through interaction with 2 receptor subtypes, ER alpha (ERα) and ER beta (ERβ), in human prostate. The aim of the present study was to semiquantitatively assess the differential expression of ER subtypes in human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by use of immunocytochemistry (IHC) methods and to explore their relationship with various measures of BPH.

Materials And Methods: A total of 45 patients with BPH undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate and 22 patients with bladder cancer with normal prostate undergoing surveillance cystoscopy were studied as cases and controls, respectively.

'Real-time sonoelastography' in anterior urethral strictures: A novel technique for assessment of .

Introduction: Spongiofibrosis assessment is critically important in the evaluation of anterior urethral strictures as its severity is directly proportional to stricture recurrence and thus affects management. Retrograde urethrography (RGU) is ineffective in the evaluation of spongiofibrosis. Sonourethrography (SUG) delineates it but does not accurately estimate its depth.

Pediatric Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy-Experience of a Tertiary Care Center.

Objective: To present the experience of pediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) of our center.

Materials And Methods: This study was conducted from 1995 to 2015, on patients <15 years of age having renal and upper ureteral stones who underwent PCNL. Stones were classified as per Guy's stone score (GSS).

Role of Urinary and Serum Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 as a Biomarker in Diagnosis of Adult Giant Hydronephrosis.

Introduction: The most common cause of adult Giant Hydronephrosis (GH) is congenital Uretero-Pelvic Junction (UPJ) obstruction. Conventional imaging modalities, like Intravenous Urography (IVU) and Computed Tomography Urography (CTU) and radionuclide renal scan can be fallacious. Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is a useful tumour marker for gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancer.

Single-stage Female Epispadias Repair by Combined Infrasymphyseal Bladder Neck Plication and Urethrogenitoplasty: A Novel Technique.

Objective: To evaluate the role of infrasymphyseal bladder neck plication and suspension from the pubic bone along with urethrogenitoplasty as a single-stage procedure for treating isolated cases of female epispadias.

Materials And Methods: Six patients with female epispadias having grade 3 urinary incontinence were treated through bladder neck plication and suspension from the pubic bone along with urethrogenitoplasty from December 2013 to March 2016.

Results: Of the 6 patients with a mean age of 5.

Role of oral pentosan polysulphate in the reduction of local side effects of BCG therapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a pilot study.

Objective: To assess the role of oral pentosan polysulphate (PPS) in the reduction of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-related local side effects in patients with high grade Ta/T1 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).

Patients And Methods: A total of 32 symptomatic patients receiving BCG instillation were randomized into three groups: group A received placebo (vitamin B complex tablet) thrice daily; group B received PPS 100 mg thrice daily; and group C received PPS 100 mg once daily and placebo (vitamin B complex tablet) twice daily for 6 weeks. A visual analogue scale (VAS) score for bladder pain, Overactive Bladder-Validated 8 Question Screener (OAB-V8) scores and dysuria were evaluated in the three groups before and during each weekly visit for BCG instillation.