Leukocyte Telomere Length Mediates the Associations between Blood Lead and Cadmium with Hypertension among Adults in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.

There is evidence to support the links between lead and cadmium exposure with hypertension and also with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). The objective of this study is to investigate the role that LTL may play in the relationship between lead and cadmium exposure and hypertension. This study consisted of 3718 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002.

Temporal Trend of Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid among U.S. Adults with or without Comorbidities in NHANES 1999-2018.

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with adverse health effects. This study examined the trend of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) levels in individuals with and without pre-existing comorbidities. We analyzed the characteristics of 13,887 participants across nine U.

Obstructive sleep apnea and mental disorders: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.

Background: Previous studies have reported associations between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and several mental disorders. However, further research is required to determine whether these associations are causal. Therefore, we evaluated the bidirectional causality between the genetic liability for OSA and nine mental disorders by using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Study on the trend of congenital heart disease inpatient costs and its influencing factors in economically underdeveloped areas of China, 2015-2020: a case study of Gansu Province.

Background: Economic data on congenital heart disease are scarce in economically underdeveloped areas of China. Therefore, this study aimed to shed light on the level and changing trend of congenital heart disease inpatients' economic burden in underdeveloped areas.

Method: This study used a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method to select 11,055 inpatients with congenital heart disease from 197 medical and health institutions in Gansu Province.

A study of diketopiperazines as electron-donor initiators in transition metal-free haloarene-arene coupling.

Several diketopiperazines have been shown to promote carbon-carbon coupling between benzene and aryl halides in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide and without the assistance of a transition metal catalyst. The structure of the diketopiperazine has an influence on its reductive potential and can help to promote the coupling of the more challenging aryl bromides with benzene.

Electron transfer-induced coupling of haloarenes to styrenes and 1,1-diphenylethenes triggered by diketopiperazines and Potassium tert-butoxide.

The coupling of haloarenes to styrenes and 1,1-diarylethenes has been achieved with potassium tert-butoxide in the presence of N,N'-dialkyldiketopiperazines. In contrast to previously reported reactions where phenanthroline has been used to mediate the reactions, the use of diketopiperazines can lead to either 1,1,2-triarylethenes or 1,1,2-triarylethanes, depending on the conditions used.

Identifying the roles of amino acids, alcohols and 1,2-diamines as mediators in coupling of haloarenes to arenes.

Coupling of haloarenes to arenes has been facilitated by a diverse range of organic additives in the presence of KO(t)Bu or NaO(t)Bu since the first report in 2008. Very recently, we showed that the reactivity of some of these additives (e.g.

Hybrid super electron donors - preparation and reactivity.

Neutral organic electron donors, featuring pyridinylidene-imidazolylidene, pyridinylidene-benzimidazolylidene and imidazolylidene-benzimidazolylidene linkages are reported. The pyridinylidene-benzimidazolylidene and imidazolylidene-benzimidazolylidene hybrid systems were designed to be the first super electron donors to convert iodoarenes to aryl radicals at room temperature, and indeed both show evidence for significant aryl radical formation at room temperature. The stronger pyridinylidene-imidazolylidene donor converts iodoarenes to aryl anions efficiently under appropriate conditions (3 equiv of donor).

The development of organic super electron donors.

In the past decade, a host of exceptionally strong organic electron donors has been designed and prepared; their redox potentials are more negative than any previous neutral organic donors and extend beyond E(1/2) = -1 V vs. the saturated calomel electrode (SCE). Their ability to reduce a wide range of organic functional groups has been demonstrated and this article provides an overview of the main advances in the area and the guiding principles for the design of these reagents.

Reactions of triflate esters and triflamides with an organic neutral super-electron-donor.

The bis-pyridinylidene 13 converts aliphatic and aryl triflate esters to the corresponding alcohols and phenols respectively, using DMF as solvent, generally in excellent yields. While the deprotection of aryl triflates has been seen with other reagents and by more than one mechanism, the deprotection of alkyl triflates is a new reaction. Studies with (18)O labelled DMF indicate that the C-O bond stays intact and hence it is the S-O bond that cleaves, underlining that the cleavage results from the extraordinary electron donor capability of 13.

Reductions of challenging organic substrates by a nickel complex of a noninnocent crown carbene ligand.

The first crown-tetracarbene complex of Ni(II) has been prepared, and its crystal structure determined. The complex can be reduced by Na/Hg, with an uptake of two electrons. The reduced complex reductively cleaves arenesulfonamides, including those derived from secondary aliphatic amines, and effects Birch reduction of anthracenes as well as reductive cleavage of stilbene oxides.

Amidine dications as superelectrophiles.

2-Dimethylalkylammonium pyridinium and 2-dimethylalkylammonium pyrimidinium ditriflate salts are very powerful methylating agents toward phosphorus (triphenylphosphine) and nitrogen (triethylamine) nucleophiles. In competition experiments with triethylamine as nucleophile, these N-methyl disalts are more reactive methylating agents than dimethyl sulfate. Reaction of the pyridinium dications with water as an oxygen nucleophile leads to attack at the 2-position of the heteroaromatic ring and displacement of an ammonium group; 2-hydroxypyridinium compounds are formed in the first instance, which are easily converted to 2-pyridones.

Metal-free reductive cleavage of C-O sigma-bonds in acyloin derivatives by an organic neutral super-electron-donor.

Neutral organic electron-donor 7, formally a pyridinylidene carbene dimer, effects reductive cleavage of C-O sigma-bonds in acyloin derivatives Ar(CO)CRR'OX (X = OAc, OPiv, OBz, OMs) and this represents the first cleavage of C-O sigma-bonds by a neutral organic electron-donor. The methodology is applicable to a large array of substrates and the reduced counterparts were isolated in good to excellent yields. For certain substrates, donor 7 behaves as a base, effecting condensation reactions with some acetate ester derivatives of acyloins, leading to butenolides.

One-carbon extrusion from a tetraazafulvalene. Isolation of aldehydes and a study of their origin.

Reaction of imidazolylidene-derived enetetramine 2 with aliphatic iodides and bromides (and with aryl iodides bearing alkene-containing side-chains in the ortho-position) leads to formation of aliphatic aldehydes through an unprecedented extrusion of a one-carbon unit from the enetetramine. An intermediate 2-alkylimidazoline 24 is proposed, where the alkyl group derives from the substrate; this imidazoline undergoes further reaction in situ to afford the observed aldehydes on acidic workup. Modified substrates were designed and prepared to probe the chemistry of the alkylimidazoline adducts and provided extensive information on the chemistry of the adducts.

Super-electron donors: bis-pyridinylidene formation by base treatment of pyridinium salts.

Deprotonation of bispyridinium salt 7b affords bispyridinylidene 10, a very powerful neutral organic two-electron donor [E1/2 (DMF)=-1.13 V vs Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat)], presumably via the pyridinylidene 8. Donor 10 reduces aryl iodides and bromides to aryl anions in excellent yield and also reductively cleaves selected phenylalkylsulfones very efficiently.

M4 agonists/5HT7 antagonists with potential as antischizophrenic drugs: serominic compounds.

Chronic low-dose treatment of rats with the psychomimetic drug, phencyclidine, induces regionally specific metabolic and neurochemical changes in the CNS that mirror those observed in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Recent evidence suggests that drugs targeting serotoninergic and muscarinic receptors, and in particular 5-HT(7) antagonists and M(4) agonists, exert beneficial effects in this model of schizophrenia. Compounds that display this combined pattern of activity we refer to as serominic compounds.

Formal total synthesis of (+/-)-vindoline by tandem radical cyclization.

A formal total synthesis of (+/-)-vindoline 1 has been achieved featuring the tandem cyclization of radicals produced from the iodoaryl azide 19a.